ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻗﺒﻠﯽ
خرید پکیج
تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : -14 مورد

Ticagrelor: Drug information

Ticagrelor: Drug information
2025© UpToDate, Inc. and its affiliates and/or licensors. All Rights Reserved.
For additional information see "Ticagrelor: Patient drug information"

For abbreviations, symbols, and age group definitions show table
ALERT: US Boxed Warning
Bleeding risk:

Ticagrelor, like other antiplatelet agents, can cause significant, sometimes fatal, bleeding.

Do not use ticagrelor in patients with active pathological bleeding or a history of intracranial hemorrhage.

Do not start ticagrelor in patients undergoing urgent coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

If possible, manage bleeding without discontinuing ticagrelor. Stopping ticagrelor increases the risk of subsequent cardiovascular events.

Aspirin dose and ticagrelor effectiveness in patients with acute coronary syndrome:

Maintenance doses of aspirin >100 mg daily reduce the effectiveness of ticagrelor and should be avoided.

Brand Names: US
  • Brilinta
Brand Names: Canada
  • AG-Ticagrelor;
  • APO-Ticagrelor;
  • Brilinta;
  • JAMP-Ticagrelor;
  • M-Ticagrelor;
  • TARO-Ticagrelor
Pharmacologic Category
  • Antiplatelet Agent;
  • Antiplatelet Agent, Non-thienopyridine;
  • P2Y12 Antagonist
Dosing: Adult

Dosage guidance:

Safety: Use with caution or avoid use in patients at increased risk for bradycardic events.

Clinical considerations: In patients who require concomitant therapeutic anticoagulation, antiplatelet selection and/or duration of therapy may differ in order to balance risks for thrombosis and bleeding (Ref). Concurrent aspirin maintenance dose should not exceed 100 mg/day.

Acute coronary syndrome

Acute coronary syndrome:

ST-elevation myocardial infarction:

Percutaneous coronary intervention, primary:

Loading dose: Oral: 180 mg once as early as possible after diagnosis in combination with aspirin and a parenteral anticoagulant; followed by maintenance dose (Ref).

Maintenance dose: Oral:

First 12 months after diagnosis: 90 mg twice daily beginning ~6 to 12 hours after the initial loading dose in combination with aspirin (Ref).

After 12 months from diagnosis: Reduce maintenance dose to 60 mg twice daily in combination with aspirin; in selected patients with ongoing high ischemic risk, may continue 90 mg twice daily in combination with aspirin. Also see "Duration of Therapy" below (Ref).

Post-fibrinolysis:

Note: If fibrinolysis is chosen for reperfusion, it is recommended to administer clopidogrel (instead of ticagrelor) in combination with the fibrinolytic, aspirin, and a parenteral anticoagulant as soon as possible after diagnosis; subsequently, in patients <75 years of age, may transition from clopidogrel to ticagrelor (Ref).

Loading dose: Oral: 180 mg once ≥12 hours after administration of fibrinolytic therapy (regardless of whether clopidogrel was co-administered at the time of diagnosis); followed by maintenance dose (Ref).

Maintenance dose: Oral:

First 12 months after diagnosis: 90 mg twice daily beginning ~6 to 12 hours after the initial loading dose in combination with aspirin (Ref).

After 12 months from diagnosis: Reduce maintenance dose to 60 mg twice daily in combination with aspirin; in selected patients with ongoing high ischemic risk, may continue 90 mg twice daily in combination with aspirin. Also see "Duration of Therapy" below (Ref).

No reperfusion:

Loading dose: Oral: 180 mg once as early as possible after diagnosis in combination with aspirin and a parenteral anticoagulant; followed by maintenance dose (Ref).

Maintenance dose: Oral:

First 12 months after diagnosis: 90 mg twice daily beginning ~6 to 12 hours after the initial loading dose in combination with aspirin (Ref).

After 12 months from diagnosis: Reduce maintenance dose to 60 mg twice daily in combination with aspirin; in selected patients with ongoing high ischemic risk, may continue 90 mg twice daily in combination with aspirin. Also see "Duration of Therapy" below (Ref).

Duration of therapy:

Preferred approach: Continue ticagrelor plus aspirin (dual antiplatelet therapy [DAPT]) for ≥12 months unless major bleeding is a concern. For patients at high risk of bleeding or who experience overt bleeding, DAPT for 6 months may be reasonable. If there have been no major bleeding complications within initial 12 months, continuation of DAPT may be considered. Reevaluate the need for DAPT at regular intervals based on bleeding and thrombotic risks. When DAPT is complete, discontinue ticagrelor and continue aspirin indefinitely for secondary prevention (Ref).

Alternative approach in select patients to minimize bleeding events: Ticagrelor in combination with aspirin (DAPT) should be continued for 1 to 3 months after PCI, then discontinue aspirin and continue ticagrelor monotherapy. When ticagrelor is discontinued, restart aspirin for secondary prevention (Ref).

Non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes:

Note: The following dosing recommendations are the same whether reperfusion with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is planned or no reperfusion is planned.

Loading dose: Oral: 180 mg once as early as possible after diagnosis in combination with aspirin and a parenteral anticoagulant; followed by maintenance dose. If coronary angiography is planned soon after diagnosis, it is reasonable to delay the initial loading dose until after coronary anatomy is known (Ref).

Maintenance dose: Oral:

First 12 months after diagnosis: 90 mg twice daily beginning ~6 to 12 hours after the initial loading dose in combination with aspirin (Ref).

After 12 months from diagnosis: Reduce maintenance dose to 60 mg twice daily in combination with aspirin. In selected patients with ongoing high ischemic risk, may continue 90 mg twice daily in combination with aspirin. Also see “Duration of Therapy” below (Ref).

Duration of therapy:

Preferred approach: Continue ticagrelor plus aspirin (DAPT) for ≥12 months unless major bleeding is a concern. For patients at high risk of bleeding or who experience overt bleeding, DAPT for 6 months may be reasonable. If there have been no major bleeding complications within initial 12 months, continuation of DAPT may be considered. Reevaluate the need for DAPT at regular intervals based on bleeding and thrombotic risks. When DAPT is complete, discontinue ticagrelor and continue aspirin indefinitely for secondary prevention (Ref).

Alternative approach in select patients to minimize bleeding events: Ticagrelor in combination with aspirin (DAPT) should be continued for 1 to 3 months after PCI, then discontinue aspirin and continue ticagrelor monotherapy. When ticagrelor is discontinued, restart aspirin for secondary prevention (Ref).

Carotid artery stenting

Carotid artery stenting (off-label use):

Percutaneous approach or transcarotid approach:

Loading dose: Oral: 180 mg once in combination with aspirin ≥2 hours before the procedure (Ref).

Maintenance dose: Oral: 90 mg twice daily in combination with aspirin for at least 4 weeks; then discontinue ticagrelor and continue aspirin indefinitely thereafter. In patients with history of neck irradiation, some experts recommend continuing ticagrelor plus aspirin indefinitely (Ref).

Coronary artery disease and high risk for ischemic cardiovascular events, primary prevention

Coronary artery disease (stable) and high risk for ischemic cardiovascular events, primary prevention:

Note: Evaluate bleeding and thrombotic risks as well as patient preferences when considering dual antiplatelet therapy versus monotherapy with aspirin for primary prevention. Some experts recommend limiting use of dual antiplatelet therapy to patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus, at high risk for ischemic cardiovascular events, and at low risk for bleeding (Ref).

Oral: 60 mg twice daily in combination with aspirin; continue ticagrelor and aspirin indefinitely (Ref).

Minor ischemic stroke or high-risk transient ischemic attack

Minor ischemic stroke (based on National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score) or high-risk transient ischemic attack (TIA; based on ABCD2 score):

Note: May consider short-term dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with ticagrelor in combination with aspirin in patients with recent (≤24 hours) minor ischemic stroke or high risk TIA and ipsilateral >30% stenosis of a major intracranial artery. Initiate antiplatelet therapy as soon as possible in the absence of contraindications. If an IV thrombolytic was administered, delay starting antiplatelet therapy for at least 24 hours, but administer as soon as possible thereafter (Ref). Avoid DAPT in patients with hemorrhagic transformation (Ref).

Oral: Initial: 180 mg once in combination with aspirin, followed by 90 mg twice daily, beginning ~6 to 12 hours after initial loading dose, in combination with aspirin for 21 to 30 days. After completion of DAPT, continue long-term single-agent antiplatelet therapy with aspirin (Ref).

Percutaneous coronary intervention for stable ischemic heart disease

Percutaneous coronary intervention for stable ischemic heart disease (off-label use):

Loading dose: Oral: 180 mg once prior to percutaneous coronary intervention in combination with aspirin and a parenteral anticoagulant; followed by a maintenance dose (Ref).

Maintenance dose: Oral: 90 mg twice daily beginning ~12 hours after the initial loading dose in combination with aspirin (Ref).

Duration of therapy: Continue ticagrelor plus aspirin for 1 to 3 months; then discontinue aspirin and continue ticagrelor monotherapy for up to 1 to 2 years. When ticagrelor is discontinued, switch to aspirin for treatment of stable ischemic heart disease (Ref).

Transitioning between P2Y12 inhibitors:

Note: This provides general guidance on transitioning between P2Y12 inhibitors.

Transitioning from another P2Y12 inhibitor to ticagrelor:

Transitioning from clopidogrel:

≤30 days after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or PCI: Administer ticagrelor 180 mg loading dose once within 24 hours after the last dose of clopidogrel (irrespective of timing of previous clopidogrel dose), followed by 90 mg twice daily beginning 12 hours later (Ref).

>30 days after ACS or PCI: Administer ticagrelor 90 mg twice daily beginning 24 hours after the last dose of clopidogrel (Ref). Note: Some experts administer a ticagrelor 180 mg loading dose once within 24 hours after the last dose of clopidogrel (irrespective of timing of previous clopidogrel dose), followed by 90 mg twice daily beginning 12 hours later (Ref).

Transitioning from prasugrel:

≤30 days after ACS or PCI: Administer ticagrelor 180 mg loading dose once within 24 hours after the last dose of prasugrel (irrespective of timing of previous prasugrel dose), followed by 90 mg twice daily beginning 12 hours later (Ref).

>30 days after ACS or PCI: Administer ticagrelor 90 mg twice daily beginning 24 hours after the last dose of prasugrel (Ref). Note: Some experts administer a ticagrelor 180 mg loading dose once within 24 hours after the last dose of prasugrel (irrespective of timing of previous prasugrel dose), followed by 90 mg twice daily beginning 12 hours later (Ref).

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Dosing: Kidney Impairment: Adult

The renal dosing recommendations are based upon the best available evidence and clinical expertise. Senior Editorial Team: Bruce Mueller, PharmD, FCCP, FASN, FNKF; Jason Roberts, PhD, BPharm (Hons), B App Sc, FSHP, FISAC; Michael Heung, MD, MS.

Altered kidney function: No dosage adjustment necessary for any degree of kidney dysfunction (Ref).

Hemodialysis, intermittent (thrice weekly): Not dialyzed: No supplemental dose or dosage adjustment necessary (Ref). A retrospective analysis of dialysis patients who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) showed no difference in cardiovascular end points or bleeding for ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel (Ref); however, patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are at increased risk for bleeding, with or without antiplatelet therapy (Ref); monitor closely.

Peritoneal dialysis: Unlikely to be dialyzed (highly protein bound): No dosage adjustment necessary (Ref). A retrospective analysis of dialysis patients who had undergone PCI for AMI showed no difference in cardiovascular end points or bleeding for ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel (Ref); however, patients with ESKD are at increased risk for bleeding, with or without antiplatelet therapy (Ref); monitor closely.

CRRT: No dosage adjustment necessary (Ref).

PIRRT (eg, sustained, low-efficiency diafiltration): No dosage adjustment necessary (Ref).

Dosing: Liver Impairment: Adult

Mild impairment: No dosage adjustment necessary.

Moderate impairment: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling (has not been studied); however, undergoes hepatic metabolism; use caution.

Severe impairment: Avoid use.

Dosing: Older Adult

Refer to adult dosing.

Adverse Reactions (Significant): Considerations
Bleeding

Ticagrelor may cause hemorrhage, including major hemorrhage. In the PLATO trial, ticagrelor was associated with an increased rate of non-procedure related bleeding, but there was no difference in the rate of overall major bleeding compared with clopidogrel (Ref). In the EUCLID trial, bleeding risk was also similar between patients who received ticagrelor versus patients who received clopidogrel (Ref). In the ISAR-REACT 5 trial, there was no difference in the rate of major bleeding between patients who received ticagrelor versus patients who received prasugrel (Ref). In the THATO trial, ticagrelor in combination with aspirin was associated with an increased risk of severe bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage compared to aspirin monotherapy in those with an acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (Ref). Reports of fatal or severe bleeding, including fatal and nonfatal intracranial bleeding, were rare (Ref). Bleeding should be suspected if the patient becomes hypotensive following recent coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), or other surgical procedure, even in the absence of overt signs of bleeding. Studies suggest that platelet transfusions are ineffective in reversing the antiplatelet effect of ticagrelor, possibly due to reversible binding to the P2Y12 receptor (Ref).

Onset: Varied; bleeding events occurred at all time points, up to 12 months of follow-up, with bleeding in some instances within 30 days of treatment (Ref).

Risk factors:

• Low body weight (≤65 kg) (Ref)

• Hemoglobin ≤12 g/dL (Ref)

• Chronic kidney disease (CrCl <60 mL/minute) (Ref)

• Moderate to severe hepatic impairment

• Concurrent use of other medications that increase bleeding risk (eg, anticoagulants, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) (Ref)

• Older age (≥80 years) (Ref)

• Recent trauma or surgery (eg, CABG)

• Recent or recurrent GI bleeding

• Active peptic ulcer disease

Bradyarrhythmias

Ventricular pause and bradyarrhythmias, including atrioventricular (AV) block, have been reported with the use of ticagrelor (Ref). In the PLATO trial, a non-statistically significant higher incidence of bradyarrhythmias was found, and statistical significance was confirmed in a substudy of patients enrolled in the PLATO trial (Ref). Bradyarrhythmias consisted primarily of asymptomatic and nocturnal ventricular pause originating from the sinoatrial node (SA) (Ref). These bradyarrhythmias have rarely been associated with syncope which are reversible upon discontinuation of ticagrelor (Ref).

Mechanism: Not fully established; one potential mechanism includes direct effects on cardiac automaticity or conduction by P2Y12 inhibition. Another potential mechanism includes inhibition of adenosine uptake by erythrocytes, increasing systemic adenosine concentrations, exacerbating vagal-mediated nocturnal bradycardia, and/or directly inhibiting SA node conduction (Ref).

Onset: Varied; ventricular pauses ≥3 seconds were noted more frequently with ticagrelor than with clopidogrel during the first week following hospitalization for an acute coronary syndrome (Ref). In some case studies, bradycardia occurred within hours after ticagrelor administration (Ref).

Risk factors:

• Concurrent use of AV nodal blocking agents (Ref)

• Underlying conduction disorder (sick sinus syndrome, AV nodal block, left or right bundle branch block, bradycardia-related syncope not protected by a pacemaker) (Ref)

Respiratory effects

Respiratory effects, including dyspnea (most common) and sleep apnea, including Cheyne-Stokes respiration, have been reported with ticagrelor (Ref). Multiple trials have reported an increased incidence of dyspnea in patients receiving ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel or aspirin alone (Ref). One study reported central sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome more frequently in patients taking ticagrelor; however, other studies have not found this association (Ref). Although not fatal, dyspnea and sleep apnea may not be well tolerated, warranting discontinuation. In most cases, dyspnea is self-limiting and resolves within 1 week of treatment (Ref). Sleep apnea also appears to resolve upon discontinuation (Ref).

Mechanism: Non–­dose-related; inhibits sodium-independent equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1, increasing adenosine levels in plasma and affecting vagal fibers in the lungs, leading to dyspnea (Ref). Additionally, ticagrelor may have CNS P2Y12 receptor inhibitory effects, increasing chemo-sensitivity to hypercapnia (Ref).

Onset:

• Dyspnea: Rapid; typically develops within the first 24 hours of therapy; however, may occur later (Ref).

• Sleep apnea: Varied; sleep apnea events occurred from 7 days to up to 1 year following therapy initiation (Ref).

Risk factors:

• Females (Ref)

• Age >70 years (Ref)

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Ref)

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

Cases of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) associated with ticagrelor have been reported, and while rare, some have resulted in fatalities, particularly following rechallenge (Ref). The overall evidence of ticagrelor-associated TTP is limited to case reports. Early signs of TTP may include neurologic changes (eg, headache, fatigue, hemiparesis/stroke) (Ref). TTP is typically characterized by thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, kidney or liver failure, and fever (Ref).

Mechanism: Possibly immunologic; production of autoantibodies against ADAMTS-13, inducing microvascular thrombosis and other symptoms of TTP may play a major role (Ref). In several cases, low ADAMTS-13 was found, supporting this mechanism (Ref).

Onset: Varied; patients presented from 2 weeks to 2 months following initiation of ticagrelor (Ref).

Adverse Reactions

The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified.

>10%: Respiratory: Dyspnea (14% to 21%) (table 1)

Ticagrelor: Adverse Reaction: Dyspnea

Drug (Ticagrelor)

Comparator (Clopidogrel)

Number of Patients (Ticagrelor)

Number of Patients (Clopidogrel)

21%

N/A

9,619

N/A

14%

8%

9,235

9,186

14%

6%

6,958

6,996

1% to 10%:

Cardiovascular: ECG abnormality (ventricular pause: 2% to 6%) (table 2)

Ticagrelor: Adverse Reaction: ECG Abnormality

Drug (Ticagrelor)

Comparator (Clopidogrel)

Comments

6%

4%

Ventricular pauses; acute phase

2%

2%

Ventricular pauses; after 1 month

Gastrointestinal: Nausea (4%)

Hematologic & oncologic: Hemorrhage (4%; major hemorrhage: 4%) (table 3)

Ticagrelor: Adverse Reaction: Major Hemorrhage

Drug (Ticagrelor)

Comparator (Clopidogrel)

Number of Patients (Ticagrelor)

Number of Patients (Clopidogrel)

Comments

4%

3%

9,235

9,186

Noncoronary artery bypass graft surgery-related bleeding events

Nervous system: Dizziness (5%)

Neuromuscular & skeletal: Gout (≤2%)

Renal: Increased serum creatinine (4% to 7%; transient)

Frequency not defined: Endocrine & metabolic: Increased uric acid

Postmarketing:

Cardiovascular: Atrioventricular block (Waldmann 2018), bradycardia (Waldmann 2018)

Dermatologic: Skin rash

Hematologic & oncologic: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (Wang 2018)

Hypersensitivity: Angioedema (Piranavan 2018; Seecheran 2017)

Respiratory: Cheyne-Stokes respiration (Giannoni 2016), sleep apnea (central) (Paboeuf 2019)

Miscellaneous: Laboratory test abnormality (false negative platelet functional tests, including heparin-induced platelet aggregation [HIPA] assay)

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity (eg, angioedema) to ticagrelor or any component of the formulation; active pathological bleeding (eg, peptic ulcer, intracranial hemorrhage); history of intracranial hemorrhage

Canadian labeling: Additional contraindications (not in US labeling): Moderate to severe hepatic impairment; concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (eg, ketoconazole, clarithromycin, ritonavir, atazanavir, nefazodone)

Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Warnings/Precautions

Concerns related to adverse effects:

• Hyperuricemia: Use with caution in patients with a history of hyperuricemia or gouty arthritis. Renal uptake and transport of uric acid are inhibited by ticagrelor and its active metabolite and the risk of hyperuricemia may be increased (Butler 2012a; Zhang 2015). However, reports of gout did not differ between treatment groups in the PLATO trial.

Disease-related concerns:

• Bleeding disorders: Use with caution in patients with platelet disorders, bleeding disorders, and/or at increased risk for bleeding.

• Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: False-negative results may occur for platelet activation functional assays, which are used to diagnose heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. This may be due to ticagrelor inhibition of P2Y12 receptors on healthy donor platelets, which are used for the assay, reducing platelet activation and interfering with results.

• Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (limited experience); avoid use in severe hepatic impairment (has not been studied).

• Renal impairment: Creatinine levels may rise during therapy (mechanism undetermined); monitor renal function.

Special populations:

• Acute ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack patients: Use is not recommended in acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack patients with an NIHSS score >5 or patients receiving thrombolysis; not studied.

• Lower GI bleed patients: An individualized and multidisciplinary approach should be utilized to determine therapy discontinuation and management in patients with acute lower GI bleed who are on antiplatelet medications; risk of ongoing bleeding should be weighed with risk of thromboembolic events. In patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin plus P2Y12 inhibitor [eg, clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, ticlopidine]) or P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy, the P2Y12 inhibitor should generally be resumed as soon as possible and at least within 7 days, taking into account control of bleeding and cardiovascular risk (aspirin should not be discontinued) (Strate 2016).

• Surgical patients: For elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, discontinue ticagrelor at least 3 days before surgery; when urgent CABG is necessary, discontinue ticagrelor for at least 24 hours prior to surgery (patient-specific situations should be discussed with a cardiologist, interventional cardiologist, and a cardiac surgeon) (ACC/AHA [Grines 2007]; ACC/AHA [Lawton 2022]). In patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, the risks and benefits of ticagrelor should be evaluated between the surgeon and the cardiology team. Elective noncardiac surgery should not be performed in patients in whom dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) will need to be discontinued perioperatively within 30 days following bare metal stent placement or within 3 months of drug-eluting stent placement. In patients undergoing urgent noncardiac surgery during the first 4 to 6 weeks after BMS or DES placement, continue DAPT. In patients undergoing noncardiac surgery that requires discontinuation of ticagrelor, hold for 3 to 5 days preoperatively, continue aspirin and restart ticagrelor as soon as possible (eg, ≤24 hours) after surgery based on bleeding and thrombotic risks (ACC/AHA [Fleisher 2014]; ACC/AHA [Lawton 2022]; ACC/AHA [Levine 2016]; ACCP [Douketis 2022]).

Other warnings/precautions:

• Discontinuation of therapy: For patients who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting, premature interruption of therapy may result in increased risk of myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, stroke, or death. If therapy must be held temporarily (eg, bleeding, surgery), restart as soon as possible. Duration of therapy is determined by the type of stent placed (bare metal or drug eluting), whether an acute coronary syndrome event was ongoing at the time of placement, as well as risks for bleeding and thrombosis (ACC/AHA [Lawton 2022]).

Dosage Forms: US

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Tablet, Oral:

Brilinta: 60 mg, 90 mg

Generic: 60 mg, 90 mg

Generic Equivalent Available: US

Yes

Pricing: US

Tablets (Brilinta Oral)

60 mg (per each): $9.30

90 mg (per each): $9.30

Tablets (Ticagrelor Oral)

60 mg (per each): $8.83

90 mg (per each): $3.08 - $8.83

Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.

Dosage Forms: Canada

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Tablet, Oral:

Brilinta: 60 mg, 90 mg

Generic: 60 mg, 90 mg

Administration: Adult

Oral: Administer with or without food. Missed doses should be taken at their next regularly scheduled time. For patients unable to swallow whole, tablets may be crushed and mixed with water to create a suspension for oral or NG (CH8/Fr8 or greater according to the manufacturer) use. If suspension is administered orally, refill glass with water, stir and drink; if administered via NG tube, flush NG tube through with water after administration (Ref). Administration of crushed tablets, while bioequivalent to administration of whole tablets, may result in increased concentrations of ticagrelor and the major active metabolite at earlier time points (Ref).

Medication Guide and/or Vaccine Information Statement (VIS)

An FDA-approved patient medication guide, which is available with the product information and as follows, must be dispensed with this medication:

Brilinta: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/022433s034lbl.pdf

Use: Labeled Indications

Acute coronary syndrome: To reduce the risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a history of MI. Ticagrelor also reduces the risk of stent thrombosis in patients who have been stented for treatment of ACS.

Coronary artery disease (stable) and high risk for ischemic cardiovascular events, primary prevention: To reduce the risk of first MI or stroke in patients with coronary artery disease at high risk for such events. Note: Efficacy was established in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (Steg 2019), but the manufacturer does not limit use to this setting.

Minor ischemic stroke (based on National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score) or high-risk transient ischemic attack (based on ABCD2 score): To reduce the risk of stroke in patients who meet these criteria.

Use: Off-Label: Adult

Carotid artery stenting; Percutaneous coronary intervention for stable ischemic heart disease

Medication Safety Issues
Sound-alike/look-alike issues:

Brilinta may be confused with Brintellix, Briviact.

High-Risk Medication:

Beers Criteria: Ticagrelor is identified in the Beers Criteria as a potentially inappropriate medication to be used with caution, especially in patients 75 years and older due to increased risk of bleeding compared with clopidogrel; however, cardiovascular benefit in certain older adults may offset risk (Beers Criteria [AGS 2023]).

Metabolism/Transport Effects

Substrate of CYP3A4 (Major); Note: Assignment of Major/Minor substrate status based on clinically relevant drug interaction potential; Inhibits BCRP;

Drug Interactions

Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.

Abrocitinib: Therapeutic Antiplatelets may increase antiplatelet effects of Abrocitinib. Management: Do not use antiplatelet drugs with abrocitinib during the first 3 months of abrocitinib therapy. The abrocitinib prescribing information lists this combination as contraindicated. This does not apply to low dose aspirin (81 mg/day or less). Risk X: Avoid

Acalabrutinib: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Aducanumab: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Agents with Antiplatelet Effects: May increase antiplatelet effects of Antiplatelet Agents (P2Y12 Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor

Alpelisib: BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors may increase serum concentration of Alpelisib. Management: Avoid coadministration of BCRP/ABCG2 inhibitors and alpelisib due to the potential for increased alpelisib concentrations and toxicities. If coadministration cannot be avoided, closely monitor for increased alpelisib adverse reactions. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Anagrelide: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Anticoagulants (Miscellaneous Agents): Therapeutic Antiplatelets may increase anticoagulant effects of Anticoagulants (Miscellaneous Agents). Risk C: Monitor

Antiplatelet Agents (P2Y12 Inhibitors): May increase antiplatelet effects of Ticagrelor. Risk X: Avoid

Antiplatelet Agents (P2Y12 Inhibitors): Therapeutic Antiplatelets may increase antiplatelet effects of Antiplatelet Agents (P2Y12 Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor

Aspirin: May increase antiplatelet effects of Ticagrelor. Aspirin may decrease therapeutic effects of Ticagrelor. More specifically, the benefits of ticagrelor relative to clopidogrel may be diminished in adult patients receiving daily aspirin doses greater than 100-150 mg daily. Management: Avoid maintenance aspirin doses greater than 150 mg/day in patients receiving ticagrelor. After any initial dose, only low-dose aspirin (75 to 100 mg/day) is recommended. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Atorvastatin: Ticagrelor may increase serum concentration of Atorvastatin. Risk C: Monitor

Caplacizumab: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Management: Avoid this combination if possible. If coadministration is required, monitor closely for bleeding. Interrupt caplacizumab if clinically significant bleeding occurs and administer von Willebrand factor concentrate to rapidly correct hemostasis, if needed. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Cladribine: BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors may increase serum concentration of Cladribine. Management: Avoid concomitant use of BCRP inhibitors during the 4 to 5 day oral cladribine treatment cycles whenever possible. If combined, consider dose reduction of the BCRP inhibitor and separation in the timing of administration. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Clofazimine: May increase serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor

Collagenase (Systemic): Therapeutic Antiplatelets may increase adverse/toxic effects of Collagenase (Systemic). Specifically, the risk of injection site bruising and or bleeding may be increased. Risk C: Monitor

CycloSPORINE (Systemic): May increase serum concentration of Ticagrelor. Risk C: Monitor

CYP3A4 Inducers (Moderate): May decrease serum concentration of Ticagrelor. CYP3A4 Inducers (Moderate) may decrease active metabolite exposure of Ticagrelor. Risk C: Monitor

CYP3A4 Inducers (Strong): May decrease serum concentration of Ticagrelor. CYP3A4 Inducers (Strong) may decrease active metabolite exposure of Ticagrelor. Risk X: Avoid

CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate): May increase serum concentration of Ticagrelor. CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate) may decrease active metabolite exposure of Ticagrelor. Risk C: Monitor

CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong): May decrease active metabolite exposure of Ticagrelor. CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase serum concentration of Ticagrelor. Risk X: Avoid

Dabigatran Etexilate: Ticagrelor may increase anticoagulant effects of Dabigatran Etexilate. Ticagrelor may increase serum concentration of Dabigatran Etexilate. Management: Consider the risks and benefits. If combined, increase monitoring for bleeding. Consider avoiding this combination if CrCl is less than 30 mL/min for the treatment of atrial fibrillation of if CrCl is less than 50 mL/min for other indications. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Dasatinib: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Deoxycholic Acid: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Desirudin: Therapeutic Antiplatelets may increase anticoagulant effects of Desirudin. Risk C: Monitor

Diamorphine: May decrease antiplatelet effects of Antiplatelet Agents (P2Y12 Inhibitors). Diamorphine may decrease serum concentration of Antiplatelet Agents (P2Y12 Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor

Digoxin: Ticagrelor may increase serum concentration of Digoxin. Risk C: Monitor

Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs): Antiplatelet Agents (P2Y12 Inhibitors) may increase anticoagulant effects of Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs). Risk C: Monitor

Donanemab: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

FentaNYL: May decrease antiplatelet effects of Antiplatelet Agents (P2Y12 Inhibitors). FentaNYL may decrease serum concentration of Antiplatelet Agents (P2Y12 Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor

Fondaparinux: Antiplatelet Agents (P2Y12 Inhibitors) may increase anticoagulant effects of Fondaparinux. Management: Discontinue antiplatelet agents, such as P2Y12 inhibitors, prior to fondaparinux therapy, if possible. If co-administration is required use caution and monitor for bleeding. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Fusidic Acid (Systemic): May increase serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Management: Consider avoiding this combination if possible. If required, monitor patients closely for increased adverse effects of the CYP3A4 substrate. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors: Therapeutic Antiplatelets may increase anticoagulant effects of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors. Risk C: Monitor

Grapefruit Juice: May increase serum concentration of Ticagrelor. Risk C: Monitor

Heparin: Antiplatelet Agents (P2Y12 Inhibitors) may increase anticoagulant effects of Heparin. Risk C: Monitor

Heparins (Low Molecular Weight): Antiplatelet Agents (P2Y12 Inhibitors) may increase anticoagulant effects of Heparins (Low Molecular Weight). Risk C: Monitor

Herbal Products with Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Effects: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Ibritumomab Tiuxetan: Therapeutic Antiplatelets may increase antiplatelet effects of Ibritumomab Tiuxetan. Risk C: Monitor

Ibrutinib: Therapeutic Antiplatelets may increase adverse/toxic effects of Ibrutinib. Specifically, the risks of bleeding and hemorrhage may be increased. Risk C: Monitor

Icosapent Ethyl: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Inotersen: Therapeutic Antiplatelets may increase adverse/toxic effects of Inotersen. Specifically, the risk of bleeding may be increased. Risk C: Monitor

Itraconazole: May increase serum concentration of Ticagrelor. Risk X: Avoid

Lecanemab: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Limaprost: May increase adverse/toxic effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Specifically, the risk of bleeding may be increased. Risk C: Monitor

Lipid Emulsion (Fish Oil Based): May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Lomitapide: Ticagrelor may increase serum concentration of Lomitapide. Management: Patients taking lomitapide 10 mg/day or more should decrease the lomitapide dose by half with concurrent ticagrelor; the lomitapide dose may then be increased to a max adult dose of 30 mg/day (patients on lomitapide 5 mg/day may continue that dose). Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Lovastatin: Ticagrelor may increase serum concentration of Lovastatin. Management: Limit lovastatin doses to 40 mg/day if coadministered with ticagrelor. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Miscellaneous Antiplatelets: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Morphine (Systemic): May decrease antiplatelet effects of Antiplatelet Agents (P2Y12 Inhibitors). Morphine (Systemic) may decrease serum concentration of Antiplatelet Agents (P2Y12 Inhibitors). Management: Consider alternative anti-ischemic/analgesic therapies (eg, beta-blockers, nitroglycerin) in patients with acute coronary syndromes treated with a P2Y12 inhibitor when possible. The risks associated with other opioids are unknown. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Multivitamins/Fluoride (with ADE): May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Multivitamins/Minerals (with ADEK, Folate, Iron): May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Multivitamins/Minerals (with AE, No Iron): May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Obinutuzumab: Therapeutic Antiplatelets may increase adverse/toxic effects of Obinutuzumab. Specifically, the risk of bleeding may be increased. Management: Consider avoiding coadministration of obinutuzumab and therapeutic antiplatelets, especially during the first cycle of obinutuzumab therapy. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

PAZOPanib: BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors may increase serum concentration of PAZOPanib. Risk X: Avoid

Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium: Therapeutic Antiplatelets may increase adverse/toxic effects of Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium. Specifically, the risk of hemorrhage may be increased. Risk C: Monitor

Phenobarbital-Primidone: May decrease serum concentration of Ticagrelor. Risk C: Monitor

Pirtobrutinib: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Red Yeast Rice: Ticagrelor may increase serum concentration of Red Yeast Rice. Management: Avoid using doses of red yeast rice greater than the equivalent of lovastatin 40 mg/day with ticagrelor. Monitor for increased systemic effects of lovastatin in patients receiving concurrent ticagrelor. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Rosuvastatin: Ticagrelor may increase myopathic (rhabdomyolysis) effects of Rosuvastatin. Ticagrelor may increase serum concentration of Rosuvastatin. Risk C: Monitor

Seladelpar: BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors may increase serum concentration of Seladelpar. Risk C: Monitor

Selumetinib: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Simvastatin: Ticagrelor may increase serum concentration of Simvastatin. Management: Avoid using doses of simvastatin greater than 40 mg/day with ticagrelor. Monitor for increased systemic effects of simvastatin in patients receiving concurrent ticagrelor. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Talazoparib: BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors may increase serum concentration of Talazoparib. Risk C: Monitor

Therapeutic Antiplatelets: May increase antiplatelet effects of Antiplatelet Agents (P2Y12 Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor

Thrombolytic Agents: Therapeutic Antiplatelets may increase adverse/toxic effects of Thrombolytic Agents. Specifically, the risk of bleeding may be increased. Risk C: Monitor

Tipranavir: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Topotecan: BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors may increase serum concentration of Topotecan. Risk X: Avoid

Ubrogepant: BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors may increase serum concentration of Ubrogepant. Management: Use an initial ubrogepant dose of 50 mg and second dose (at least 2 hours later if needed) of 50 mg when used with a BCRP inhibitor. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Vitamin E (Systemic): May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Vitamin K Antagonists: Antiplatelet Agents (P2Y12 Inhibitors) may increase anticoagulant effects of Vitamin K Antagonists. Risk C: Monitor

Volanesorsen: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Zanubrutinib: May increase antiplatelet effects of Therapeutic Antiplatelets. Risk C: Monitor

Pregnancy Considerations

Outcome data following the use of ticagrelor in pregnancy are limited (Antonijevic 2023, Serna Candel 2019, Verbruggen 2015).

Due to lack of data, use in pregnancy is not recommended (ESC [Regitz-Zagrosek 2018]).

Breastfeeding Considerations

It is not known if ticagrelor is present in breast milk.

Breastfeeding is not recommended by the manufacturer.

Monitoring Parameters

Signs of bleeding; hemoglobin and hematocrit periodically; sign/symptoms of bradycardia; renal function; uric acid levels (patients with gout or at risk of hyperuricemia); signs/symptoms of dyspnea.

Mechanism of Action

Reversibly and noncompetitively binds the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P2Y12 receptor on the platelet surface which prevents ADP-mediated activation of the GPIIb/IIIa receptor complex thereby reducing platelet aggregation. Due to the reversible antagonism of the P2Y12 receptor, recovery of platelet function is likely to depend on serum concentrations of ticagrelor and its active metabolite.

Pharmacokinetics (Adult Data Unless Noted)

Onset of inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA): 180 mg loading dose: ~41% within 30 minutes (similar to clopidogrel 600 mg at 8 hours)

Peak effect: Time to maximal IPA: 180 mg loading dose: IPA ~88% at 2 hours post administration

Duration of IPA: 180 mg loading dose: 87% to 89% maintained from 2 to 8 hours; 24 hours after the last maintenance dose, IPA is 58% (similar to maintenance dosing for clopidogrel)

Time after discontinuation when IPA is 30%: ~56 hours; IPA 10%: ~110 hours (Gurbel 2009). Mean IPA observed with ticagrelor at 3 days post-discontinuation was comparable to that observed with clopidogrel at 5 days post discontinuation.

Absorption: Rapid

Distribution: 88 L

Protein binding: >99% (parent drug and active metabolite)

Metabolism: Hepatic via CYP3A4/5 to active metabolite (AR-C124910XX)

Bioavailability: ~36% (range: 30% to 42%)

Half-life elimination: Parent drug: ~7 hours; active metabolite: ~9 hours

Time to peak:

Whole tablets: Parent drug: 1.5 hours (median; range: 1 to 4 hours); Active metabolite (AR-C124910XX): 2.5 hours (median; range: 1.5 to 5 hours)

Crushed tablets: Oral or nasogastric tube administration: Parent drug: ~1 hour (median; range: 1 to 4 hours); Active metabolite (AR-C124910XX): 2 hours (median; range: 1 to 8 hours). Note: Significantly higher concentrations of both ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX may appear at earlier time points (0.5 and 1 hour, respectively) when administered as crushed tablets (Teng 2015).

Excretion: Feces (58%); urine (26%); actual amount of parent drug and active metabolite excreted in urine was <1% of total dose administered

Pharmacokinetics: Additional Considerations (Adult Data Unless Noted)

Altered kidney function: AUC and Cmax were 38% and 51% higher, respectively, in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis compared to patients with normal renal function following a single 90 mg dose of ticagrelor administered on a nondialysis day; similar exposure was observed when administered immediately prior to dialysis. Inhibition of platelet aggregation was independent of dialysis and similar to healthy adults with normal renal function.

Cigarette smoking: Mean clearance was increased by ~22% in smokers.

Brand Names: International
International Brand Names by Country
For country code abbreviations (show table)

  • (AE) United Arab Emirates: Brilinta;
  • (AR) Argentina: Brilinta | Brilique | Ticazan;
  • (AT) Austria: Brilique;
  • (AU) Australia: Brilinta;
  • (BD) Bangladesh: Acora | Brilinta | Brirel | Plarit | Ticacard | Ticaflow | Ticalog | Tiga | Tigel;
  • (BE) Belgium: Brilique;
  • (BG) Bulgaria: Brilique;
  • (BR) Brazil: Artag | Brilinta | Coaly | Tiag;
  • (CH) Switzerland: Brilique;
  • (CL) Chile: Brilinta | Revagrel;
  • (CN) China: Brilinta | Mei luo lin;
  • (CO) Colombia: Brilinta | Tiare | Ticagrel | Vasogrelor;
  • (CZ) Czech Republic: Brilique;
  • (DE) Germany: Brilique;
  • (DO) Dominican Republic: Brilinta;
  • (EC) Ecuador: Brilinta | Timed;
  • (EE) Estonia: Atixarso | Brilique | Tilobrastil;
  • (EG) Egypt: Brilique | Lintaram | Thrombolinta | Westgrelor;
  • (ES) Spain: Brilique;
  • (FI) Finland: Brilique;
  • (FR) France: Brilinta | Brilique;
  • (GB) United Kingdom: Brilique;
  • (GR) Greece: Brilique;
  • (HK) Hong Kong: Brilinta;
  • (HR) Croatia: Atixarso | Brilique | Tilobrastil;
  • (HU) Hungary: Brilique;
  • (ID) Indonesia: Brilinta;
  • (IE) Ireland: Brilique;
  • (IN) India: Axcer | Brigrel | Brilinta | Tackel | Tiare | Ticabest | Ticabid | Ticacip | Ticadax | Ticaflo | Ticagat | Ticagold | Ticagril | Ticahenz | Ticalor | Ticaplat | Ticarel | Ticasave | Ticasave plus | Ticaspan | Ticastro | Ticatroy | Ticavic | Ticus | Tigemac | Tikacad | Torplat | Vasoglor | Xygrel;
  • (IR) Iran, Islamic Republic of: Ticalix;
  • (IT) Italy: Brilique;
  • (JO) Jordan: Brilinta | Tagbro | Thincor;
  • (JP) Japan: Brilinta;
  • (KE) Kenya: Brilinta | Corolor | Tiglor;
  • (KR) Korea, Republic of: Austica | Boryung ticagrelor | Brelor | Brilcoron | Brilgrelor | Brilinta | Brilor | Britica | Btaon | Dongkoo ticagrelor | Glotica | Hutica | I tica | Inno.n ticagrelor | Samjin ticagrelor | Seoul ticagrelor | Tagrel | Tibrinta | Ticabrel | Ticabril | Ticada | Ticagen | Ticagle | Ticagrin | Ticaon | Ticarax | Ticaren | Ticarinta | Ticatwo | Ticavix | Tielinta | Tiglia | Tiglor | Tigrel | Tigrela | Tirinta | Trilinta | Unitica | Yooyoung tica;
  • (KW) Kuwait: Brilinta;
  • (LB) Lebanon: Brilinta | Klotego;
  • (LT) Lithuania: Brilique;
  • (LU) Luxembourg: Brilique;
  • (LV) Latvia: Brilique;
  • (MA) Morocco: Brilique;
  • (MX) Mexico: Brilinta;
  • (MY) Malaysia: Brilinta;
  • (NL) Netherlands: Brilique;
  • (NO) Norway: Brilique;
  • (NZ) New Zealand: Brilinta | Ticagrelor sandoz;
  • (PA) Panama: Brilinta;
  • (PE) Peru: Brilinta | Supagrel;
  • (PH) Philippines: Brilinta;
  • (PK) Pakistan: Anplag | Bilinta | Grehil | Virata;
  • (PL) Poland: Brilique;
  • (PR) Puerto Rico: Brilinta;
  • (PT) Portugal: Brilique;
  • (QA) Qatar: Brilinta;
  • (RO) Romania: Brilique;
  • (RU) Russian Federation: Brilinta;
  • (SA) Saudi Arabia: Brilinta | Ticagrelor spc;
  • (SE) Sweden: Brilique;
  • (SG) Singapore: Brilinta;
  • (SI) Slovenia: Brilique;
  • (SK) Slovakia: Brilique;
  • (TH) Thailand: Brilinta;
  • (TN) Tunisia: Brilique | Theraglor;
  • (TR) Turkey: Agrilor | Brilinta | Camilla | Tilanta | Tixalor;
  • (TW) Taiwan: Brilinta;
  • (UA) Ukraine: Brilinta;
  • (UG) Uganda: Brilinta;
  • (UY) Uruguay: Brilinta;
  • (VE) Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of: Brilinta | Clenosan;
  • (VN) Viet Nam: Platetica | Topogis;
  • (ZA) South Africa: Brilinta | Tiare | Ticagrel
  1. 2023 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2023 updated AGS Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023;71(7):2052-2081. doi:10.1111/jgs.18372 [PubMed 37139824]
  2. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Thoracic Surgeons; American Association for Clinical Chemistry. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(24):e139-e228. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.017 [PubMed 25260718]
  3. Angiolillo DJ, Rollini F, Storey RF, et al. International expert consensus on switching platelet P2Y12 receptor-inhibiting therapies. Circulation. 2017;136(20):1955‐1975. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031164 [PubMed 29084738]
  4. Antonijevic N, Mitrovic P, Gosnjic N, et al. Successful caesarean section on ticagrelor treatment one day after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. J Pers Med. 2023;13(9):1344. doi:10.3390/jpm13091344 [PubMed 37763112]
  5. Baker NC, Nadour W, Friehling M. Clinically significant ticagrelor induced conduction abnormalities following percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Cardiol. 2016;214:21-22. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.143 [PubMed 27057966]
  6. Belloni FL, Wang J, Hintze TH. Adenosine causes bradycardia in pacing-induced cardiac failure. Circulation. 1992;85(3):1118-1124. doi:10.1161/01.cir.85.3.1118 [PubMed 1531622]
  7. Berger JS, Abramson BL, Lopes RD, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease and prior coronary artery disease: Insights from the EUCLID trial. Vasc Med. 2018;23(6):523-530. doi:10.1177/1358863X18775594 [PubMed 29992857]
  8. Bertling A, Fender AC, Schüngel L, et al. Reversibility of platelet P2Y12 inhibition by platelet supplementation: ex vivo and in vitro comparisons of prasugrel, clopidogrel and ticagrelor. J Thromb Haemost. 2018;16(6):1089-1098. doi:10.1111/jth.14014 [PubMed 29582544]
  9. Berwanger O, Lopes RD, Moia DDF, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with STEMI treated with fibrinolysis: TREAT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(22):2819‐2828. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.011 [PubMed 30898608]
  10. Berwanger O, Nicolau JC, Carvalho AC, et al. Ticagrelor vs clopidogrel after fibrinolytic therapy in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3(5):391‐399. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.0612 [PubMed 29525822]
  11. Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Cohen M, et al; PEGASUS-TIMI 54 Steering Committee and Investigators. Long-term use of ticagrelor in patients with prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(19):1791-800. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1500857 [PubMed 25773268]
  12. Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Oude Ophuis T, et al. Long-term tolerability of ticagrelor for the secondary prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events: a secondary analysis of the PEGASUS-TIMI 54 trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(4):425‐432. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.1017 [PubMed 27438319]
  13. Brilinta—dosing in the PLATO trial [written communication]. Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca; August 2, 2011.
  14. Brilinta (ticagrelor) [prescribing information]. Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; March 2024.
  15. Brilinta (ticagrelor) [product monograph]. Mississauga, Ontario, Canada: AstraZeneca Canada Inc; November 2023.
  16. Butler K, Teng R. Evaluation and characterization of the effects of ticagrelor on serum and urinary uric acid in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012a;91(2):264-271. [PubMed 22190065]
  17. Butler K, Teng R. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of ticagrelor in volunteers with severe renal impairment. J Clin Pharmacol. 2012b;52(9):1388-1398. doi:10.1177/0091270011415526 [PubMed 21960668]
  18. Cho JY, Lee SY, Yun KH, et al. Factors related to major bleeding after ticagrelor therapy: Results from the TICO trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(7):e019630. doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.019630 [PubMed 33739127]
  19. Crean B, Finnie C, Crosby A. Evaluation of crushed ticagrelor tablet doses: recovery following crushing and naso-gastric tube passage ex vivo. Drugs R D. 2013;13:153-157. doi:10.1007/s40268-013-0018-4. [PubMed 23737454]
  20. Cutlip D, Lincoff AM. Acute non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: Early antiplatelet therapy. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed July 21, 2021a.
  21. Dahal K, Mustafa U, Sharma SP, et al. Ischemic and bleeding outcomes of triple therapy in patients on chronic anticoagulation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;8:2048004019885572. doi:10.1177/2048004019885572 [PubMed 31700620]
  22. De Maria E, Borghi A, Modonesi L, Cappelli S. Ticagrelor therapy and atrioventricular block: Do we need to worry? World J Clin Cases. 2017;5(5):178-182. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v5.i5.178 [PubMed 28560235]
  23. Dobesh PP, Oestreich JH. Ticagrelor: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and safety. Pharmacotherapy. 2014;34(10):1077-1090. doi:10.1002/phar.1477 [PubMed 25164528]
  24. Doğan A, Özdemir B, Bal H, Özdemir E, Kurtoğlu N. Ticagrelor-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Anatol J Cardiol. 2017;17(1):73-74. doi:10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2017.7426 [PubMed 28144007]
  25. Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Murad MH, et al. Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: an American College of Chest Physicians clinical practice guideline. Chest. 2022;162(5):e207-e243. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2022.07.025 [PubMed 35964704]
  26. Expert opinion. Senior Renal Editorial Team: Bruce Mueller, PharmD, FCCP, FASN, FNKF; Jason A. Roberts, PhD, BPharm (Hons), B App Sc, FSHP, FISAC; Michael Heung, MD, MS.
  27. Fleisher LA, Fleischmann KE, Auerbach AD, et al. 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;130(24):2215-2245. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000105 [PubMed 25085962]
  28. Franchi F, Faz GT, Rollini F, et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of switching from prasugrel to ticagrelor: results of the prospective, randomized SWAP-3 Study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9(11):1089‐1098. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2016.02.039 [PubMed 27013060]
  29. Giannoni A, Emdin M, Passino C. Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Chemoreflex, and ticagrelor-related dyspnea. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(10):1004-1006. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1601662 [PubMed 27602681]
  30. Gimbel M, Qaderdan K, Willemsen L, et al. Clopidogrel versus ticagrelor or prasugrel in patients aged 70 years or older with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (POPular AGE): the randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2020;395(10233):1374-1381. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30325-1 [PubMed 32334703]
  31. Grines CL, Bonow RO, Casey DE, et al. AHA/ACC/SCAI/ACS/ADA Science Advisory, Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents. A Science Advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association with representation from The American College Of Physicians. Circulation. 2007;115(6):813-818. http://www.acc.org/qualityandscience/clinical/pdfs/Final_Dual_Antiplatelet_Statement_010507.pdf. [PubMed 17224480]
  32. Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Butler K, et al. Randomized double-blind assessment of the ONSET and OFFSET of the antiplatelet effects of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the ONSET/OFFSET Study. Circulation. 2009;120(25):2577‐2585. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.912550 [PubMed 19923168]
  33. Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Butler K, et al. Response to ticagrelor in clopidogrel nonresponders and responders and effect of switching therapies: the RESPOND study. Circulation. 2010;121(10):1188‐1199. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.919456 [PubMed 20194878]
  34. Hahn JY, Song YB, Oh JH, et al; SMART-CHOICE Investigators. Effect of P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy vs dual antiplatelet therapy on cardiovascular events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the SMART-CHOICE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321(24):2428-2437. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.8146 [PubMed 31237645]
  35. Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines [published correction appears in Circulation. 2011;124(25):e956 and Circulation. 2012;126(7):e105]. Circulation. 2011;124(23):2610-2642. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31823b5fee [PubMed 22064600]
  36. Huang KW, Leu HB, Luo JC, et al. Different peptic ulcer bleeding risk in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease patients receiving different dialysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2014;59(4):807-813. doi:10.1007/s10620-013-2973-6 [PubMed 24318806]
  37. Jim J. Percutaneous carotid artery stenting. Connor RF, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com. Accessed May 15, 2024a.
  38. Jim J. Transcarotid artery revascularization. Connor RF, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com. Accessed May 15, 2024b.
  39. Johnston SC, Amarenco P, Denison H, et al; THALES Investigators. Ticagrelor and aspirin or aspirin alone in acute ischemic stroke or TIA. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(3):207-217. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1916870 [PubMed 32668111]
  40. Kim BK, Hong SJ, Cho YH, et al; TICO Investigators. Effect of ticagrelor monotherapy vs ticagrelor with aspirin on major bleeding and cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome: the TICO randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;323(23):2407-2416. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.7580 [PubMed 32543684]
  41. Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, et al. 2021 Guideline for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: A guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2021;52(7):e364-e467. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000375 [PubMed 34024117]
  42. Kumbhani DJ, Cannon CP, Beavers CJ, et al. 2020 ACC expert consensus decision pathway for anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation or venous thromboembolism undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention or with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(5):629-658. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.011 [PubMed 33250267]
  43. Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, et al. 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI guideline for coronary artery revascularization: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(2):e21-e129. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.006 [PubMed 34895950]
  44. Lee CH, Tsai TH, Lin CJ, Hsueh SK, Chung WJ, Cheng CI. Efficacy and safety of ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel in patients with end-stage renal disease with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2019;19(3):325-334. doi:10.1007/s40256-018-00318-0. [PubMed 30746615]
  45. Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA guideline focused update on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(10):1082‐1115. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.513 [PubMed 27036918]
  46. Lincoff AM, Cutlip D. Acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: Antiplatelet therapy. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. Accessed July 21, 2021. http://www.uptodate.com.
  47. Lombardi N, Lucenteforte E, Torrini M, et al. Ticagrelor-related late-onset dyspnea as cause of emergency department visit: a 3-year outpatient study. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2018;19(6):284-289. doi:10.2459/JCM.0000000000000656 [PubMed 29601310]
  48. Maillard J, Cartier Faessler V, Fontana P, Bonhomme F. Lack of effect of platelet transfusions and desmopressin on intracranial bleeding in a patient receiving ticagrelor. A A Case Rep. 2015;4(12):169-171. doi:10.1213/XAA.0000000000000156 [PubMed 26050250]
  49. Marcaccio CL, Patel PB, Liang P, et al. Efficacy and safety of perioperative dual antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in carotid artery stenting. J Vasc Surg. 2022;75(4):1293-1303.e8. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2021.09.045 [PubMed 34655685]
  50. Medamana JL, Laljee S, Kiefer N, Brejt S. Abstract 12399: Don't burst my blood: Ticagrelor induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Circulation. 2021;144:A12399.
  51. Mehran R, Baber U, Sharma SK, et al. Ticagrelor with or without aspirin in high-risk patients after PCI. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(21):2032-2042. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1908419 [PubMed 31556978]
  52. Meurin P, Ben Driss A, Defrance C, et al. Central sleep apnea after acute coronary syndrome and association with ticagrelor use. Sleep Med. 2021;80:39-45. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.01.026 [PubMed 33550173]
  53. O'Donoghue ML, Murphy SA, Sabatine MS. The safety and efficacy of aspirin discontinuation on a background of a P2Y12 inhibitor in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2020;142(6):538-545. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046251 [PubMed 32551860]
  54. O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;127(4):e362-e425. [PubMed 23247304]
  55. Oliveira-Filho J, Mullen MT. Early antithrombotic treatment of acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed November 10, 2022.
  56. Ortega-Paz L, Brugaletta S, Ariotti S, et al; HI-TECH investigators. Adenosine and ticagrelor plasma levels in patients with and without ticagrelor-related dyspnea. Circulation. 2018;138(6):646-648. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034489 [PubMed 29794083]
  57. Ozturk C, Unlu M, Yildirim AO, et al. The progressed atrioventricular block associated with ticagrelor therapy may not require permanent pacemaker after acute coronary syndrome; it may be reversible. Int J Cardiol. 2016;203:822-824. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.042 [PubMed 26595794]
  58. Paboeuf C, Priou P, Meslier N, Roulaud F, Trzepizur W, Gagnadoux F. Ticagrelor-associated shift from obstructive to central sleep apnea: a case report. J Clin Sleep Med. 2019;15(8):1179-1182. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7818 [PubMed 31482841]
  59. Park DW, Kwon O, Jang JS, et al; TICAKOREA Investigators. Clinically significant bleeding with ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in Korean patients with acute coronary syndromes intended for invasive management: A randomized clinical trial. Circulation. 2019;140(23):1865-1877. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041766 [PubMed 31553203]
  60. Parodi G, Xanthopoulou I, Bellandi B, et al. Ticagrelor crushed tablets administration in STEMI patients. The MOJITO study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(5):511-512.
  61. Piranavan P, Kaur NJ, Marmoush F, Burton A, Hannan J. Ticagrelor-induced angioedema after percutaneous coronary intervention in a patient with a history of ischemic stroke and low response to clopidogrel: A rare dilemma. Cureus. 2018;10(12):e3720. doi:10.7759/cureus.3720 [PubMed 30891370]
  62. Prosser AE, Dawson JL, Koo K, et al. Real-world incidence of patient-reported dyspnoea with ticagrelor. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2018;9(10):577-584. doi:10.1177/2042098618788991 [PubMed 30283625]
  63. Refer to manufacturer's labeling.
  64. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(34):3165-3241. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy340 [PubMed 30165544]
  65. Sabatine MS, Hiatt WR, Goto S, et al. No significant relationship between ticagrelor and sleep apnea in large, randomized, blinded trials. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;13(8):1012-1014. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2020.02.009 [PubMed 32327085]
  66. Schüpke S, Neumann FJ, Menichelli M, et al; ISAR-REACT 5 Trial Investigators. Ticagrelor or prasugrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(16):1524-1534. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1908973 [PubMed 31475799]
  67. Scirica BM, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, et al; PLATO Investigators. The incidence of bradyarrhythmias and clinical bradyarrhythmic events in patients with acute coronary syndromes treated with ticagrelor or clopidogrel in the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) trial: results of the continuous electrocardiographic assessment substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(19):1908-1916. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.056 [PubMed 21545948]
  68. Seecheran R, Seecheran V, Persad S, Lalla S, Seecheran NA. Ticagrelor-induced angioedema: A rare and unexpected phenomenon. Case Rep Cardiol. 2017;2017:7612713. doi:10.1155/2017/7612713 [PubMed 29391955]
  69. Serna Candel C, Hellstern V, Beitlich T, Aguilar Pérez M, Bäzner H, Henkes H. Management of a decompensated acute-on-chronic intracranial venous sinus thrombosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2019;12:1756286419895157. doi:10.1177/1756286419895157 [PubMed 31903097]
  70. Siao WZ, Chuang WY, Su CH, Huang SF, Tu WK, Chan KC. A rare case of ticagrelor-induced profound isolated thrombocytopenia. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2017;33(5):556-558. doi:10.6515/acs20161021c [PubMed 28959112]
  71. Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Simon T, et al. Ticagrelor in patients with stable coronary disease and diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(14):1309-1320. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1908077 [PubMed 31475798]
  72. Storey RF, Angiolillo DJ, Bonaca MP, et al. Platelet inhibition with ticagrelor 60 mg versus 90 mg twice daily in the PEGASUS-TIMI 54 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(10):1145‐1154. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.062 [PubMed 26965534]
  73. Strate LL, Gralnek IM. ACG clinical guideline: management of patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(4):459-474. doi:10.1038/ajg.2016.41. [PubMed 26925883]
  74. Szummer K, Montez-Rath ME, Alfredsson J, et al. Comparison between ticagrelor and clopidogrel in elderly patients with an acute coronary syndrome: Insights from the SWEDEHEART registry. Circulation. 2020;142(18):1700-1708. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050645 [PubMed 32867508]
  75. Tanios BY, Itani HS, Zimmerman DL. Clopidogrel use in end-stage kidney disease. Semin Dial. 2015;28(3):276-281. doi:10.1111/sdi.12338 [PubMed 25476742]
  76. Teng R, Carlson G, Hsia J. An open-label, randomized bioavailability study with alternative methods of administration of crushed ticagrelor tablets in healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;53(2):182-189. [PubMed 25500486]
  77. Teng R, Muldowney S, Zhao Y, Berg JK, Lu J, Khan ND. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ticagrelor in subjects on hemodialysis and subjects with normal renal function. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;74(9):1141-1148. doi:10.1007/s00228-018-2484-7 [PubMed 29850937]
  78. Verbruggen M, Mannaerts D, Muys J, Jacquemyn Y. Use of ticagrelor in human pregnancy, the first experience. BMJ Case Rep. 2015;2015:pii: bcr2015212217. doi:10.1136/bcr-2015-212217 [PubMed 26607190]
  79. Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2023;148(9):e9-e119. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001168 [PubMed 37471501]
  80. Vranckx P, Valgimigli M, Jüni P, et al; GLOBAL LEADERS Investigators. Ticagrelor plus aspirin for 1 month, followed by ticagrelor monotherapy for 23 months vs aspirin plus clopidogrel or ticagrelor for 12 months, followed by aspirin monotherapy for 12 months after implantation of a drug-eluting stent: a multicentre, open-label, randomised superiority trial. Lancet. 2018;392(10151):940-949. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31858-0 [PubMed 30166073]
  81. Waldmann V, Laredo M, Nigam A, Khairy P. Cyclical sinus bradycardia and atrioventricular block induced by ticagrelor. HeartRhythm Case Rep. 2018;4(11):527-529. doi:10.1016/j.hrcr.2018.07.017 [PubMed 30479952]
  82. Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(11):1045-1057. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0904327 [PubMed 19717846]
  83. Wang X, Zhang S, Li L, et al. Ticagrelor-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a case report and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(26):e11206. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011206 [PubMed 29952973]
  84. Zhang N, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Xu Y, Li G, Liu T. Ticagrelor-related gout: an underestimated side effect. Int J Cardiol. 2015;192:11-13. [PubMed 25981572]
Topic 16784 Version 347.0