Pooled random effects (odds ratios) for respiratory symptoms in children associated with parental smoking

	Either parent smokes			One parent smokes			Both parents smoke
	OR	95 percent CI	N	OR	95 percent CI	N	OR	95 percent CI	N
Asthma	1.23	(1.14 to 1.33)	(31)	1.01	(0.84 to 1.22)	(7)	1.42	(1.3 to 1.56)	(10)
Wheeze^¶	1.26	(1.2 to 1.33)	(45)	1.18	(1.1 to 1.26)	(13)	1.41	(1.23 to 1.63)	(14)
Cough	1.35	(1.27 to 1.43)	(39)	1.27	(1.14 to 1.41)	(18)	1.64	(1.48 to 1.81)	(18)
Phlegm^Δ	1.35	(1.3 to 1.41)	(10)	1.24	(1.1 to 1.39)	(7)	1.42	(1.19 to 1.7)	(6)
Breathlessness^Δ	1.31	(1.14 to 1.5)	(6)

Note: Number of studies in parentheses.
¶ Excluding EC study, in which the pooled odds ratio was 1.2.
Δ Data for phlegm and breathlessness restricted as several comparisons are based on fewer than five studies.

Adapted from USDHHS 2006, The Surgeon General's Report.

Graphic 50141 Version 5.0

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Pooled random effects (odds ratios) for respiratory symptoms in children associated with parental smoking