Dietary and medication related causes |
Dietary indiscretion - excessive salt or water intake |
Nonadherence to medications |
Iatrogenic volume expansion |
Progressive cardiac dysfunction |
Progression of underlying cardiac dysfunction |
Physical, emotional, and environmental stress |
Cardiac toxins: |
Alcohol |
Cocaine |
Right ventricular pacing |
Cardiac causes not primarily myocardial in origin |
Cardiac arrhythmias: |
Atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response |
Ventricular tachycardia |
Marked bradycardia |
Conduction abnormalities |
Uncontrolled hypertension |
Acute myocardial infarction |
Myocardial ischemia |
Valvular disease: |
Progressive mitral regurgitation |
Non-cardiac causes |
Pulmonary disease - pulmonary embolus, COPD |
Anemia, from bleeding or relative lack of erythropoietin or bone marrow suppression |
Systemic infection; especially pulmonary infection |
Thyroid disorders |
Adverse cardiovascular effects of medications |
Cardiac depressant medications |
Nondihydropyridine calcium antagonists |
Type Ia and Ic antiarrhythmic agents |
Sodium retaining medications |
Steroids |
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
Medications that reduce contractility |
Anthracyclines and other chemotherapeutic agents |
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