Diagnosis | Key findings |
Cervical venous hum | Disappears on compression of the jugular vein |
Hepatic venous hum | Often disappears with epigastric pressure |
Mammary souffle | Disappears upon pressing hard with stethoscope |
Patent ductus arteriosus | Loudest at 2nd left intercostal space |
Coronary arteriovenous fistula | Loudest at lower sternal borders |
Ruptured aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva | Loudest at upper right sternal border, sudden onset |
Bronchial collaterals | Associated signs of congenital heart disease |
High-grade coarctation | Brachial-pedal arterial pressure gradient |
Anomalous left coronary artery arising from pulmonary artery | Electrocardiographic changes of myocardial infarction |
Truncus arteriosus | |
Pulmonary artery branch stenosis | Heard outside the area of cardiac dullness |
Pulmonary AV fistula | Same as above |
Atrial septal defect with mitral stenosis or atresia | Altered by the Valsalva maneuver |
Aortic-atrial fistulas |
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