Causes of aortic regurgitation

Primary cause of aortic regurgitation	Valve disease	Aortic root dilation
Calcific aortic valve disease	X
Myxomatous degeneration	X
Congenital heart disease
Bicuspid aortic valve	X	X
High ventricular septal defect (infundibular or membranous)	X
Sinus of valsalva aneurysm		X
Fenestrated leaflet*
Rheumatic heart disease	X
Genetic syndromes
Marfan syndrome		X
Familial thoracic aneurysm		X
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome		X
Osteogenesis imperfecta		X
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum	X
Systemic rheumatic disorders
Giant cell arteritis		X
Takayasu arteritis		X
Ankylosing spondylitis	X	X
Rheumatoid arthritis	X
Systemic lupus erythematosus	X
Antiphospholipid syndrome	X
Drug-induced valve disease (eg, fenfluramine-phentermine)	X
Infection
Endocarditis	X
Infectious aortitis (eg, syphilis)		X
Aortic dissection	X	X
Hypertension		X
Trauma (causing aortic dissection or aortic valve injury)	X	X
Other genetic and acquired causes of annuloaortic ectasia		X

* Aortic leaflet fenestration or perforation may also be seen with myxomatous degeneration or endocarditis.

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