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خرید پکیج
تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : -17 مورد

Causes and risk factors for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION)

Causes and risk factors for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION)
Atherosclerosis risk factors, especially hypertension, diabetes
Small optic cup, "disc at risk"
Surgery
  • Coronary bypass
  • Spine surgery
  • Radical neck dissection
  • Cataract surgery
  • Others, especially if major blood loss, hypotension
Major blood loss from other causes (eg, trauma, gastrointestinal bleeding)
Prothrombotic conditions
Nocturnal hypotension
Sleep apnea
Kidney failure
Drugs
  • Phophodiesterase-5 inhibitors
  • Interferon-alpha
  • Amiodarone
  • Sympathomimetics
Migraine
Carotid dissection
Genetic factors
Not all of these have been definitively proven in case-control studies.
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