Impaired counterregulation and HAAF in insulin-deficient diabetes

HAAF: hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure.

* Exercise can further reduce the epinephrine response.

¶ Sympathoadrenal response is further diminished during sleep.

Modified from: Cryer PE. Diverse causes of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350:2272.

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