Approximate normal shoulder (glenohumeral) motion

When measuring glenohumeral abduction, adduction, flexion, or extension, the starting point of 0° is with the arm adducted against the torso. In a standing or seated patient, the arm points straight towards the ground. When measuring glenohumeral internal or external rotation, the starting point of 0° is with the bent arm (elbow bent at right angle) pointing straight ahead, perpendicular to the torso.