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Community-acquired pneumonia: Risk factors for specific pathogens in adults

Community-acquired pneumonia: Risk factors for specific pathogens in adults
Condition Commonly encountered pathogen(s)
Alcohol use disorder Streptococcus pneumoniae, oral anaerobes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
COPD and/or smoking Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella species, S. pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Chlamydia pneumoniae
Aspiration Gram-negative enteric pathogens, oral anaerobes
Lung abscess CA-MRSA, oral anaerobes, endemic fungal pneumonia, M. tuberculosis, atypical mycobacteria
Exposure to bat or bird droppings Histoplasma capsulatum
Exposure to birds Chlamydia psittaci (if poultry: avian influenza)
Exposure to rabbits Francisella tularensis
Exposure to farm animals or parturient cats Coxiella burnetti (Q fever)
HIV infection (early) S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. tuberculosis
HIV infection (late) The pathogens listed for early infection plus Pneumocystis jirovecii, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Aspergillus, atypical mycobacteria (especially Mycobacterium kansasii), P. aeruginosa, H. influenzae
Hotel or cruise ship stay in previous two weeks Legionella species
Travel to or residence in southwestern United States Coccidioides species, hantavirus
Travel to or residence in Southeast and East Asia Burkholderia pseudomallei, avian (H5N1, H7N9) influenza, SARS coronavirus
Travel to or residence in the Arabian peninsula Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
Influenza active in community Influenza, S. pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, H. influenzae
Cough >2 weeks with whoop or posttussive vomiting Bordetella pertussis
Structural lung disease (eg, bronchiectasis) P. aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, S. aureus
Injection drug use S. aureus, anaerobes, M. tuberculosis, S. pneumoniae
Endobronchial obstruction Anaerobes, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus
In context of bioterrorism Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Yersinia pestis (plague), Francisella tularensis (tularemia)
The most commonly identified causes of community-acquired pneumonia include respiratory viruses (particularly SARS coronavirus 2 during the pandemic), typical bacteria (eg, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis), and atypical bacteria (eg, Legionella spp, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae). The relative prevalence of these pathogens varies with geography, pneumococcal vaccination rates, patient risk factors, season, and pneumonia severity. Certain epidemiologic exposures, like those listed above, also raise the likelihood of infection with a particular pathogen.
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CA-MRSA: community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome.
Adapted with permission from: Mandell, LA, Wunderink, RG, Anzueto, A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:S27. Copyright © 2007 University of Chicago Press.
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