Histamine |
Pruritus, urticaria, gastric hypersecretion, bronchoconstriction |
Increased vasopermeability and systemic hypotension |
Heparin |
Local anticoagulation, osteopenia, and osteoporosis |
Proteases (tryptases, chymase) |
Fibrinogen degradation, stimulation of fibroblast proliferation, activation of procollagenase, and tissue remodeling (degrade fibronectin), ACE-independent angiotensin II forming activity |
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4) |
Increased vasopermeability, vasodilation, bronchoconstriction |
Prostaglandins (PGD2) |
Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, flushing, neuropsychiatric effects |
Platelet-activating factor |
Increased vasopermeability, vasodilation |
Cytokines (TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, nerve growth factor) and growth factors (IL-3, IL-5, IL-6) |
Activation of vascular endothelial cells, cachexia, and fibrosis |
Mast cell and eosinophil proliferation |
B cell proliferation with polyclonal increase in immunoglobulins and paraproteins |
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