Interaction of low bone mineral density and increased bone turnover in predicting fracture risk

In women over age 75 years followed prospectively, the odds ratio for hip fracture was increased 2.7-fold in those with a 1 standard deviation reduction in hip BMD but normal markers for bone turnover (first column), approximately twofold in those with normal BMD but a value for urinary CTX excretion or free D-Pyr excretion above the premenopausal range (second and third columns), and 4.5-fold when both risk factors were present (last two columns).