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تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده: 4

Major causes of edema by primary mechanism

Major causes of edema by primary mechanism
Increased capillary hydraulic pressure
Increased plasma volume due to renal sodium retention
  • Heart failure, including cor pulmonale
  • Primary renal sodium retention
    • Renal disease, including the nephrotic syndrome
    • Drugs:* Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, fludrocortisone, thiazolidinediones (glitazones), insulins, estrogens, progestins, androgens, testosterone, aromatase inhibitors, tamoxifen; and by multiple mechanisms: vasodilators (hydralazine, minoxidil, diazoxide) and calcium channel blockers (particularly dihydropyridines [ie, amlodipine, nifedipine]); also refer to "Arteriolar vasodilation" below
    • Refeeding edema
    • Early hepatic cirrhosis
  • Pregnancy and premenstrual edema
  • Idiopathic edema, when diuretic induced
  • Sodium or fluid overload: Parenteral antibiotics or other drugs with large amounts of sodium, sodium bicarbonate, or excessive or overly rapid fluid replacement
Venous obstruction or insufficiency
  • Cirrhosis or hepatic venous obstruction
  • Acute pulmonary edema
  • Local venous obstruction
    • Venous thrombosis
    • Venous stenosis
  • Chronic venous insufficiency – Post-thrombotic syndrome
Arteriolar vasodilation
  • Drugs:* Frequent – Vasodilators (hydralazine, minoxidil, diazoxide), dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers; less frequent – alpha1 blockers, sympatholytics (ie, methyldopa), nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers[1]
  • Idiopathic edema
Hypoalbuminemia
Protein loss
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Protein-losing enteropathy
Reduced albumin synthesis
  • Liver disease
  • Malnutrition
Increased capillary permeability
  • Idiopathic edema
  • Burns
  • Trauma
  • Inflammation or sepsis
  • Allergic reactions, including certain forms of angioedema
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Interleukin 2 therapy
  • Malignant ascites
Lymphatic obstruction or increased interstitial oncotic pressure
  • Lymph node dissection
  • Nodal enlargement due to malignancy
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Malignant ascites
Other drugs* (uncertain mechanism)
  • Anticonvulsant: Gabapentin, pregabalin
  • Antineoplastic: Docetaxel, cisplatin
  • Antiparkinson: Pramipexole, ropinirole
* Patients with decreased cardiac output, preexisting renal insufficiency, and/or receiving higher doses are more likely to experience edema and edema-associated adverse events. This is not a complete list of drugs associated with edema. For additional information, refer to the individual drug monographs included with UpToDate.
Reference:
  1. Messerli FH. Vasodilatory edema: A common side effect of antihypertensive therapy. Curr Cardiol Rep 2002; 4(6):479.
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