| Infectious | | Bacterial pneumonia | | Tuberculous pleurisy | | Parasites | | Fungal disease | | Viral pneumonias (eg, influenza, coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) | | Nocardia, Actinomyces | | Subphrenic abscess | | Hepatic abscess | | Splenic abscess | | Hepatitis | | Spontaneous esophageal rupture | | Cholecystitis | | Iatrogenic or trauma | | Central venous catheter misplacement/migration | | Drug-induced (eg, nitrofurantoin, dantrolene, methysergide, dasatinib, amiodarone, interleukin-2, procarbazine, methotrexate, clozapine, phenytoin, beta blocker, ergot drugs) | | Esophageal perforation | | Esophageal sclerotherapy | | Enteral feeding tube in pleural space | | Radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary neoplasms | | Hemothorax | | Chylothorax | | Malignancy-related | | Carcinoma | | Lymphoma | | Mesothelioma | | Leukemia | | Chylothorax | | Paraproteinemia (multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia) | | Paramalignant effusions | | Other inflammatory disorders | | Pancreatitis (acute, chronic) | | Benign asbestos pleural effusion | | Pulmonary embolism | | Radiation therapy | | Uremic pleurisy | | Sarcoidosis | | Postcardiac injury syndrome | | Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | | Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (fibroinflammatory) | | | Increased negative intrapleural pressure with accompanying pleural malignancy or inflammation | | Lung entrapment | | Cholesterol effusion (eg, due to tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis) | | Connective tissue disease | | Lupus pleuritis | | Rheumatoid pleurisy | | Mixed connective tissue disease | | Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss) | | Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) | | Familial Mediterranean fever | | Endocrine dysfunction | | Hypothyroidism | | Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome | | Lymphatic abnormalities | | Malignancy | | Chylothorax (eg, yellow nail syndrome, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, lymphangiectasia) | | Movement of liquid from abdomen to pleural space | | Pancreatitis | | Pancreatic pseudocyst | | Meigs' syndrome | | Chylous ascites | | Malignant ascites | | Subphrenic abscess | | Hepatic abscess (bacterial, amebic) | | Splenic abscess, infarction | | Miscellaneous | | Endometriosis | | Drowning | | Electrical burns | | Capillary leak syndromes | | Extramedullary hematopoiesis | |
