Infectious causes of epiglottitis (supraglottitis)

Bacterial causes

Hemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)

H. influenzae types A and F, and nontypeable strains

Hemophilus parainfluenzae

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible and methicillin resistant)

Beta-hemolytic streptococci: Groups A, B, C, F, G

Pasteurella multocida

Moraxella catarrhalis

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Neisseria meningitidis and other Neisseria species

Escherichia coli

Enterobacter cloacae^*

Serratia species^*

Pseudomonas aeruginosa^*

Anaerobes (eg, Prevotella melaninogenica, Fusobacterium necrophorum)^Δ

Viral causes^¶

Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2

Varicella zoster virus

Parainfluenza virus type 3

Influenza A and B viruses

Epstein-Barr virus

SARS-CoV-2

Rhinovirus

Respiratory syncytial virus

Bocavirus

HIV

Fungal causes

Candida albicans^*

Histoplasma capsulatum^*

This table provides many of the infectious etiologies for epiglottitis. Bacterial pathogens are most frequently isolated. Despite the rapid decline in infectious epiglottitis among immunized children in the post-conjugate vaccine era, Hib remains an important etiology, primarily in unvaccinated or incompletely immunized children along with S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, N meningitidis, and P. multocida. Viral infections may rarely cause epiglottitis or enable bacterial superinfection. Fungal epiglottitis is also rare and primarily occurs in immunocompromised patients.

HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

* These isolates usually occur in immunocompromised patients with epiglottitis.

¶ Epiglottitis may result from bacterial superinfection.

Δ Anaerobic bacteria are described in adults with necrotizing or emphysematous epiglottitis.

Graphic 54481 Version 9.0

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Infectious causes of epiglottitis (supraglottitis)