Conditions associated with central airway obstruction

• Bronchogenic
• Adenoid cystic
• Mucoepidermoid
• Carcinoid
• Plasmacytoma

Metastatic carcinoma to the airway

• Bronchogenic
• Renal cell
• Breast
• Thyroid
• Colon
• Sarcoma
• Melanoma

Laryngeal and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Esophageal carcinoma

Mediastinal tumors

• Thymic carcinoma
• Thyroid carcinoma
• Germ cell tumors (eg, teratoma)

Lymphadenopathy

• Associated with any of the above malignancies
• Lymphoma

• Squamous cell papilloma
• Hamartoma

Lymphadenopathy

• Sarcoidosis
• Infectious (ie, tuberculosis)

Vascular

• Vascular ring
• Vascular aneurysm

Cartilage

• Relapsing polychondritis

Granulation tissue

• Endotracheal tubes
• Tracheostomy tubes
• Airway stents
• Foreign bodies
• Surgical anastomosis (eg, post resection or transplant)
• Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener)
• Rhinoscleroma (klebsiella infection)

Pseudotumor

• Endobronchial pseudotumor

Hyperdynamic

• Tracheomalacia
• Bronchomalacia

Webs

• Idiopathic progressive subglottic stenosis
• Tuberculosis
• Sarcoidosis

Other

• Goiter
• Mucus plug
• Vocal cord paralysis
• Airway hematoma
• Burn/smoke injury
• Epiglottitis
• Blood clot
• Amyloid