Factors producing increased mobility and risk of injury to the pediatric spine

Large size of head in comparison to neck and trunk, increasing flexion, extension, and shearing forces on the cervical spine

Underdevelopment of paraspinous muscles

Shallow, horizontally oriented facet joints

Increased elasticity of facet joint ligaments

Incompletely ossified vertebrae

High water content and elasticity of intervertebral disks, increasing vertical loading effect

Risk_spine_injury_children.htm

Adapted from Akbarnia, BA. Orthop Clin North Am 1999; 30:521; Thomas, NH, Robinson, L, Evans, A, Bullock, P. Pediatr Neurosurg 1995; 23:188; and Rooks, VJ, Sisler, C, Burton, B. Pediatr Radiol 1998; 28:193.

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Factors producing increased mobility and risk of injury to the pediatric spine