Causes of hypothyroidism in children and adolescents

Autoimmune thyroiditis

Disorders with a short course of hyperthyroidism, followed by transient hypothyroidism

Hashitoxicosis
Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis

Iodine

Deficiency
Excess exposure (eg, nutritional supplements, drugs [amiodarone, expectorants])

Drugs

Antithyroid drugs (eg, methimazole, propylthiouracil)
Antiseizure medications (eg, phenytoin, phenobarbital, valproate)
Lithium
Immune checkpoint inhibitors
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Interferon alfa

Thyroid injury

External radiation therapy
Radioactive iodine treatment
Thyroidectomy
Infiltrative diseases
- Langerhans cell histiocytosis
- Cystinosis

Late-onset congenital hypothyroidism

DiGeorge syndrome

Williams syndrome

Prader-Willi syndrome

Hemangiomas

Thyroid hormone resistance^*

Central hypothyroidism (hypothalamic-pituitary disease)

* Patients with generalized thyroid hormone resistance are usually euthyroid because the elevated thyroid hormone concentrations are able to overcome the nuclear receptor defect. However, they may have some tissue-specific clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism and/or hyperthyroidism.

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Causes of hypothyroidism in children and adolescents