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تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : 3 مورد
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Neurotransmitters found in nerve fibers innervating the airways: Origin, colocalization and effects on airway function

Neurotransmitters found in nerve fibers innervating the airways: Origin, colocalization and effects on airway function
Neurotransmitters* Origin CotransmittersΔ Vasculature Glands Airway smooth muscle
Acetylcholine Parasympathetic Carbon monoxide Vasodilatation Secretion Contraction
VIP◊ Parasympathetic NO, PACAP Vasodilatation Secretion Relaxation
Nitric Oxide (NO)§ Parasympathetic VIP, PACAP Vasodilatation No effect Relaxation
Carbon monoxide¥ Parasympathetic Acetylcholine Vasodilatation Not assessed Relaxation
Norepinephrine Sympathetic Neuropeptide Y Vasoconstriction No effect Relaxation
Neuropeptide Y Sympathetic Norepinephrine Vasoconstriction No effect No effect
CGRP‡ Afferent SP, NKA Vasodilatation No effect No effect
Substance P (SP)** Afferent NKA, CGRP Vasodilatation Secretion Contraction
Neurokinin A (NKA) Afferent SP, CGRP Vasodilatation Secretion Contraction
* Other putative neurotransmitters have been localized to nerve fibers in the airways (eg, ATP, dynorphin, enkephalin, GABA, galanin, gastrin releasing peptide, glutamate, nociceptin, serotonin (5-HT), somatostatin). However, their function in the airways is poorly characterized.
¶ Several neurotransmitters (e.g. neuropeptide Y, VIP) localized to nerve fibers innervating the airways are found in both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Their primary origin is listed above.
Δ Multiple neurotransmitters are frequently localized to the same nerves. Such transmitters are known as cotransmitters. The most commonly colocalized neurotransmitters in the airways are listed above. Other examples of cotransmission (eg. galanin with VIP, dynorphin with substance P and neurokinin A) have been noted.
◊ Vasoactive intestinal peptide and related peptides (peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), peptide histidine methionine (PHM), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP), helodermin, helospectin).
§ Synthesized from arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NO synthase or NOS).
¥ Synthesized from heme by heme oxygenase-2.
‡ Calcitonin gene-related peptide.
** Substance P has also been localized to a subset of airway parasympathetic ganglia neurons.
Graphic 55490 Version 2.0

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