Events thought to be associated with fetomaternal hemorrhage

Delivery

Induced abortion

Spontaneous abortion

Ectopic pregnancy

Partial molar pregnancy

Chorionic villus sampling

Cordocentesis

Percutaneous fetal procedures (eg, fetoscopy)

Amniocentesis

External cephalic version

Abruptio placenta

Antenatal hemorrhage

Maternal abdominal trauma (eg, motor vehicle accident, fall, assault)

Manual removal of the placenta

Fetal-maternal hemorrhage can also be idiopathic.

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