Microbiology of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections

Organism	CIED endocarditis Number of patients (%)^*^[1-4]	All CIED infections (pocket and bloodstream) Number of pathogens (%)^[5]
Coagulase-negative staphylococci	228 (38)	183 (44)
Staphylococcus aureus	178 (30)	148 (36)
Enterobacteriaceae	37 (6)	18 (4)
Streptococci	41 (7)	12 (3)
Pseudomonas	6 (1)	12 (3)
Other gram-negative bacteria	–	8 (2)
Candida	11 (2)	2 (<1)
Enterococci	25 (4)	20 (5)
Corynebacterium	2 (<1)	2 (<1)
Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium) acnes	1 (<1)	1 (<1)
Listeria	1 (<1)	–
Anaerobes	4 (<1)	5 (1)
Micrococci	1 (<1)	–
Mycobacterium spp	–	2 (<1)
Apergillus	–	1 (<1)
Other	37 (6)	–
Culture negative	34 (5)	–

* Polymicrobial infection occurred in 5% of cases.^[6]

References:

Arber N, Pras E, Copperman Y, et al. Pacemaker endocarditis. Report of 44 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1994; 73:299.
Duval X, Selton-Suty C, Alla F, et al. Endocarditis in patients with a permanent pacemaker: a 1-year epidemiological survey on infective endocarditis due to valvular and/or pacemaker infection. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:68.
Klug D, Lacroix D, Savoye C, et al. Systemic infection related to endocarditis on pacemaker leads: clinical presentation and management. Circulation 1997; 95:2098.
Cacoub P, Leprince P, Nataf P, et al. Pacemaker infective endocarditis. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82:480.
Tarakji KG, Chan EJ, Cantillon DJ, et al. Cardiac implantable electronic device infections: Presentation, management, and patient outcomes. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7:1043.
Mateos Gaitán R, Boix-Palop L, Muñoz García P, et al. Infective endocarditis in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: a nationwide study. Europace 2020; 22:1062.

Graphic 55942 Version 6.0