Evaluation of bronchiectasis-1

Category	Specific examples/features	Diagnostic tests
Acquired bronchial obstruction
Foreign-body aspiration	Peanut; chicken bone; tooth; grass inflorescence; etc	Chest imaging; flexible bronchoscopy
Tumors	Laryngeal papillomatosis; airway adenoma; endobronchial teratoma	Chest imaging; flexible bronchoscopy
Hilar adenopathy	Tuberculosis; histoplasmosis; sarcoidosis	PPD or IGRA; chest HRCT
COPD	Chronic bronchitis	Pulmonary function tests; serum alpha-1 antitrypsin level
Mucoid impaction	Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; bronchocentric granulomatosis (BG); postoperative mucoid impaction	Total serum IgE, Aspergillus specific IgE and IgG; Aspergillus skin test; chest imaging; biopsy for BG
Other	Relapsing polychondritis (RP); tracheobronchial amyloidosis	Clinical syndrome of RP/cartilage biopsy; biopsy for amyloid
Congenital anatomic defects that may cause bronchial obstruction
Tracheobronchial	Bronchomalacia; bronchial cyst; cartilage deficiency (Williams-Campbell syndrome); tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome); ectopic bronchus; tracheoesophageal fistula	Chest CT with inspiratory and expiratory images
Vascular	Pulmonary (intralobar) sequestration; pulmonary artery aneurysm	Chest CT imaging
Lymphatic	Yellow-nail syndrome	History of dystrophic, slow growing nails

PPD: purified protein derivative (tuberculin skin test); IGRA: interferon gamma release assay; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; RP: relapsing polychondritis; IgE: immunoglobulin E; IgG: immunoglobulin G; BG: bronchocentric granulomatosis; CT: computed tomography.

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Evaluation of bronchiectasis-1