Version June 2024
| Inflammation |
| Urethritis |
| Prostatitis |
| Epididymitis |
| Orchitis |
| Abdominal abscess |
| Penile prosthesis |
| Malignancy |
| Bladder cancer |
| Intraabdominal tumors |
| Prostate cancer |
| Benign |
| Inguinal hernia |
| Vesical calculi |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia |
| Urethral stricture |
| Pelvic musculature spasm |
| Surgical |
| Radical prostatectomy |
| Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) |
| Vasectomy |
| Hernia repair |
| Medications |
| Tricyclic antidepressants |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) |
| Monoaminoxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) |
| Antipsychotics |
| Psychogenic |
| Psychiatric |
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