Multihormonal regulation of glucose

In healthy individuals, (1) ingestion of food results in (2) release of gastrointestinal peptides (GLP-1 and GIP) as well as (3) pancreatic beta cell hormones (insulin and amylin). GLP-1 and amylin, in particular, have inhibitory effects on (4) gastric emptying, (5) glucagon release, and (6) appetite. (7) Following the absorption of food, GLP-1 and GIP promote insulin secretion, otherwise known as the incretin effect. In diabetes, these steps are disrupted.