Causes of syncope in children and adolescents

Primary cardiac electrical disturbances

Long QT syndrome^*
Brugada syndrome^*
Familial catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia^*
Short QT syndrome^*
Preexcitation syndromes (such as Wolff-Parkinson-White)^*
Bradyarrhythmias (complete atrioventricular block, sinus node dysfunction)^*

Structural cardiac abnormalities

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy^*
Coronary artery anomalies^*
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy^*
Valvar aortic stenosis^*
Dilated cardiomyopathy^*
Pulmonary hypertension^*
Acute myocarditis^*
Congenital heart disease^*

Heat illness^*

Anaphylaxis^*

Vasovagal (neurocardiogenic) syndrome, including situational syncope (eg, cough, micturition, hair combing, blood draw, intramuscular injection, or emotional stress)^¶

Breath-holding spell^¶

Orthostatic hypotension due to volume depletion (hemorrhage, dehydration, pregnancy, anorexia nervosa)^¶

Drug effects or toxic exposure (eg, clonidine, typical antipsychotic agents, carbon monoxide, ethanol intoxication)^*¶

Hypoglycemia^*

Conditions that mimic syncope

Seizure
Migraine syndromes
Somatization or functional neurologic symptom disorder (formerly conversion disorder)
Hyperventilation
Intentional strangulation (eg, the "choking game")
Narcolepsy

* Potentially life-threatening causes.

¶ Common causes.

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Causes of syncope in children and adolescents