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Nutrient goals for pregnancy and tolerable upper limits for adult pregnant people

Nutrient goals for pregnancy and tolerable upper limits for adult pregnant people
  Source of goal Nonpregnant/
nonlactating females
Pregnant
(age 14 to 18 years)
Pregnant
(age 19 to 30 years)
Pregnant
(age 31 to 50 years)
Upper limit
Macronutrients
Protein (as % of kcal) AMDR 10 to 30% 10 to 30% 10 to 35% 10 to 35%  
Protein RDA 46 g 71 g 71 g 71 g  
Carbohydrate (as % kcal) AMDR 45 to 65% 45 to 65% 45 to 65% 45 to 65%  
Carbohydrate RDA 130 g 175 g 175 g 175 g  
Fiber 14 g per 1000 kcal 25 to 28 g 25 to 34 g 28 to 36 g 25 to 34 g  
Added sugars (as % of kcal) DGA <10% <10% <10% <10%  
Total fat (as % of kcal) AMDR 20 to 35% 25 to 35% 20 to 35% 20 to 35%  
Saturated fat (as % of kcal) DGA <10% <10% <10% <10%  
18:3 Linolenic acid AI 1.1 g 1.4 g 1.4 g 1.4 g  
Minerals
Calcium RDA 1000 mg 1300 mg 1000 mg 1300 mg 2500 mg
Iron RDA 18 mg 27 mg 27 mg 27 mg 45 mg
Magnesium RDA 310 to 360 mg 400 mg 350 mg 360 mg 350 mg*
Phosphorus RDA 700 mg 1250 mg 700 mg 700 mg 4000 mg
Zinc RDA 8 mg 12 mg 11 mg 11 mg 40 mg
Iodine RDA 150 mcg 220 mcg 220 mcg 220 mcg 1110 mcg
Selenium RDA 55 mcg 60 mcg 60 mcg 60 mcg 400 mcg
Vitamins
Vitamin A RDA 700 mcg RAE 750 mcg RAE 770 mcg RAE 770 mcg RAE 3000 mcg RAE
Vitamin D RDA 600 international units 600 international units 600 international units 600 international units 4000 international units
Vitamin E RDA 15 mg 15 mg 15 mg 15 mg 1000 mg
Vitamin K AI 90 mcg 75 mcg 90 mcg 90 mcg ND
Vitamin C RDA 75 mg 80 mg 85 mg 85 mg 2000 mg
Thiamin RDA 1.1 mg 1.4 mg 1.4 mg 1.4 mg ND
Riboflavin RDA 1.1 mg 1.4 mg 1.4 mg 1.4 mg ND
Niacin RDA 14 mg 18 mg 18 mg 18 mg 35 mg
Vitamin B6 RDA 1.3 mg 1.9 mg 1.9 mg 1.9 mg 100 mg
Vitamin B12 RDA 2.4 mcg 2.6 mcg 2.6 mcg 2.6 mcg ND
Choline AI 425 mg 450 mg 450 mg 450 mg 3500 mg
Folate RDA 400 mcg DFE 600 mcg DFE 600 mcg DFE 600 mcg DFE 1000 mcg DFE
In the United States, the reference prepregnancy group weighs 133 pounds (61 kg) at age 19 to 30 years and 125 pounds (57 kg) at age 14 to 18 years. The Dietary Reference Intake Calculator for Healthcare Professionals, available at nal.usda.gov/fnic/dri-calculator, can be used to estimate calorie needs based on age, sex, height, weight, activity level, and pregnancy or lactation status.

AI: adequate intake is the value that approximates average nutrient intake in a group of healthy individuals. This is used when and RDA cannot be determined; AMDR: acceptable macronutrient distribution range is the range of intake for a macronutrient that is associated with a reduced risk of chronic disease; DFE: dietary folate equivalents; DGA: Dietary Guidelines for Americans; ND: not determinable, due to lack of data of adverse effects and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts; RAE: retinol activity equivalents; RDA: recommended dietary allowance is the value that meets the requirements of 97% of healthy individuals in a group.

* Applies only to supplemental magnesium.
Adapted from:
  1. US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025, 9th ed. Available at: https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/ (Accessed on August 12, 2021).
  2. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids, The National Academies Press 2000.
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