Optotype recognition tests for visual acuity testing

(A) Snellen letters, (B) tumbling E game, (C) HOTV test, (D) Landolt ring test, (E) Lea figures, (F) Allen figures, (G) single optotypes surrounded by crowding bars.

Adapted with permission of American Academy of Ophthalmology. Coats DK, Jenkins RH. Refinements: Vision assessment of the patient 1:1. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology 1997.

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