Risk factor | Estimated risk for TB relative to persons with no known risk factor | References |
High risk | ||
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | 110 to 170 | 1,2 |
Human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) | 50 to 110 | 3,4 |
Transplantation (related to immune-suppressant therapy) | 20 to 74 | 5 to 8 |
Silicosis | 30 | 9,10 |
Chronic renal failure requiring hemodialysis | 10 to 25 | 11 to 14 |
Carcinoma of head and neck | 16.0 | 15 |
Recent tuberculosis (TB) infection (≤2 years) | 15.0 | 16,17 |
Abnormal chest radiograph with apical fibronodular changes typical of healed TB (not granuloma) | 6 to 19 | 18 to 20 |
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors | 1.7 to 9 | 21,22,35,36 |
Moderate risk | ||
Treatment with glucocorticoids | 4.9 | 23 |
Diabetes mellitus (all types) | 2 to 3.6 | 24 to 27,37 |
Young age when infected (≤4 years) | 2.2 to 5 | 28 |
Slightly increased risk | ||
Underweight (<85 percent of ideal body weight); for most individuals this is equivalent to body mass index (BMI) ≤20 | 2 to 3 | 29 |
Cigarette smoker (1 pack/day) | 2 to 3 | 30,31 |
Chest radiograph with solitary granuloma | 2 | 20,32 |
Low risk | ||
Infected person, no known risk factor, normal chest radiograph ("low-risk reactor") | 1 | 33 |
Very low risk | ||
Positive booster (two-step test) with no other known risk factor and normal chest radiograph) | 0.5 | Extrapolated from 33 and 34 |
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