Version May 2024
| Chronic illness | Potential disease-specific health consequences | References |
| Asthma | Increased frequency and severity of exacerbations, medication use, hospitalization, risk of respiratory arrest. | Larsson L. Thorax 1994; 50:260. LeSon S. J Asthma 1995; 32:379. |
| Cystic fibrosis | Increased frequency and severity of bacterial lung infection and hospitalization; accelerated decline in lung function, worse nutritional status. | Britto MT. Pediatrics 1998; 101:250. Verma A. J R Soc Med 2001; 94:29. |
| Juvenile idiopathic (rheumatoid) arthritis | Increased disease severity; increased risks for cardiovascular disease and premature death. Exacerbation of osteopenia. | Nash AA. Arthritis Care Res 1998; 11:391. Gordon MM. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 61:66. French AR. J Rheumatol 2002; 29:1065. |
| Cancer | Increased risks from several cancer treatments; respiratory infections when immunosuppressed; worse mucositis. | O'Driscoll BR. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:378. Lipshultz SE. N Engl J Med 1991; 324. Tyc VL. J Child Health Care 2004; 8:288. |
| Sickle cell disease | Increased risk of acute chest syndrome; possible increased risk of stroke. | Young RC. J Natl Med Assoc 1992; 84:267. Britto MT. Pediatrics 1998; 101:250. |
| Diabetes mellitus | Accelerated cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease, including atherosclerosis, retinopathy, and nephropathy. Smoking increases the morbidity and mortality of type 1 diabetes by 50 to 75%. | Frey MA. J Adolesc Health 1997; 20:38. Cundiff DK. MedGenMed 2002; 4:2. Gay EC. Diabetes Care 1992; 15:947. Karim R. Diabet Med 2005; 22:81. Hsu CC. Diabet Med 2010; 27:295. |
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