Cobb angle measurement of kyphosis

The Cobb angle of kyphosis, calculated from a lateral radiograph, is shown. T4 is used as the superior landmark and T12 as the inferior landmark. The greater the angle, the greater the thoracic curvature.

Reproduced with permission from: Kado DM, Christianson L, Palermo L, et al. Comparing a supine radiologic versus standing clinical measurement of kyphosis in older women: The Fracture Intervention Trial. Spine 2006; 31:463. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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Cobb angle measurement of kyphosis