Causes of acute upper airway obstruction that are potentially life-threatening

Infectious

Epiglottitis
Croup
Bacterial tracheitis
Retropharyngeal abscess (rare)
Peritonsillar abscess (rare)
Infectious mononucleosis

Foreign body

Trauma

Blunt or penetrating airway injury
Upper airway burns (thermal and chemical [eg, caustic ingestion])

Anaphylaxis

Decreased oropharyngeal muscle tone

Hereditary angioedema

Laryngospasm (vocal cord irritation or hypocalcemia)

Vocal cord dysfunction (eg, paradoxical vocal cord movement, brainstem abnormality [eg, Arnold Chiari malformation] or recurrent laryngeal nerve injury)

Acute on chronic conditions (eg, viral laryngotracheitis in a child with laryngomalacia, bleeding into adjacent tumor)

Graphic 62015 Version 5.0

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Causes of acute upper airway obstruction that are potentially life-threatening