Diagnostic test | Advantages | Disadvantages |
Plain abdominal film | May show obstruction | Nonspecific |
Upper gastrointestinal series/small bowel follow through | May show mass lesion, mucosal defect, or intussusception | No visualization outside lumen; not helpful in staging |
CT scan, including CT enterography | Allows staging (extraluminal findings); may aid in diagnosis of tumor type | Inferior to direct visualization for assessment of the bowel lumen |
MR enterography | Same as CT enterography, except limits exposure to medical radiation | Inferior to direct visualization for assessment of the bowel lumen |
Upper endoscopy | Direct visualization of mucosal surface of duodenum; allows for biopsy; polypectomy possible | Invasive; limited to duodenum |
Push enteroscopy | Extends visualization into proximal jejunum; allows for biopsy | Invasive; does not permit visualization of the entire small bowel (no visualization beyond proximal jejunum) |
Double-balloon enteroscopy | Allows visualization of entire small bowel with capacity for biopsy and therapeutic intervention | Invasive; not widely available; small risk of pancreatitis; latex composition of balloons |
Single-balloon enteroscopy | Same as double-balloon enteroscopy; more widely available | Lower total enteroscopy rate; more limited depth of insertion |
Spiral enteroscopy | Same as single-balloon enteroscopy | Limited availability |
Wireless video capsule endoscopy | Noninvasive | Does not permit tissue sampling; should not be performed if small bowel obstruction suspected |
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