Lead exposure sources list

Lead mining

Primary or secondary lead smelting or refining

Scrap metal processing or recycling

Radiator manufacturing or repair

Lead glaze or frit manufacture or use, such as in pottery making

Battery manufacture, recycling, or repair

Construction work on pre-1978 residential structures^* or on exterior structures such as bridges, ships, or water towers regardless of age:

Welding on painted steel
Power operations, such as cutting or sanding, on painted structures
Abrasive blasting
Demolition work
Bridge maintenance and repair
Shipbuilding

Paint removal on pre-1978 residential structures^* or on exterior structures of any age

Lead abatement

Rubber products and plastics industries using lead stabilizers

Cable making, splicing, or stripping

Burning lead-painted wood

Auto body repair shops

Automotive repair shop or junkyard work involving welding or other operations, such as power sanding or cutting, on lead painted surfaces or lead batteries

Furniture refinishing if paint removal creates inhalable lead (eg, power sanding)

Making lead fishing weights (sinkers), soldiers or bullets

Indoor firing range instructors, custodial staff, inspectors in firearms manufacturing

Lead bullet manufacturing

Leaded solder use (welding, stained glass production, plumbing, valve and pipe fittings, jewelry making, electronics)

Retained lead bullet

Metal casting or other foundry work

Lead grinding, polishing or buffing

Potential for lead exposure from eating, drinking, or using any of the following:

Home-distilled alcoholic beverages (moonshine; liquor from homemade still)

Pica (ingestion of lead-containing nonfood items, eg, ceramic, plaster or paint chips; soil; primarily considered in children, but sometimes occurs in pregnant persons)

Specific products produced in resource-limited countries:

Glazed pottery (eg, Mexican bean pot)
Canned foods
Candy (eg, tamarind or chili-based Mexican candies)
Lead-containing cosmetics (eg, kohl eye make-up)

Ayurvedic herbal medicine products

Mexican folk remedies such as those used to treat the colic-like illness "empacho":

Alarcon
Coral
Liga
Maria Luisa
Rueda
Azarcon
Greta
Alkohl

Nutritional pills other than vitamins:

Hazard
Pay-loo-ah

Lead-containing remedies used in Asian communities including:

Ba-baw-san
Bali goli
Chuifong
Ghasard
Kandu
Tokuwan

Middle Eastern remedies and cosmetics include:

Alkohl
Cebagin
Saoott

* Lead-based paints were banned for residential use in 1978 in the United States, and earlier in Western Europe. However, lead paint is still sold in resource-limited countries. A list is available at: https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen-global-lead-report-2017-v1_2-en.pdf.

Courtesy of Virginia M Weaver, MD, MPH and Bernard G Jaar, MD, MPH, FASN.

Graphic 62969 Version 5.0

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Lead exposure sources list