Pancreatic disease |
Pancreatitis |
Complications of pancreatitis (pseudocysts, abscess) |
Trauma |
Surgery |
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) |
Ductal obstruction |
Pancreatic carcinoma |
Cystic fibrosis |
Salivary disease |
Infection |
Trauma |
Radiation |
Ductal obstruction |
Gastrointestinal disease |
Perforated or penetrating peptic ulcer |
Perforated bowel |
Obstructed bowel |
Mesenteric infarction |
Appendicitis |
Cholecystitis |
Liver disease |
Severe gastroenteritis |
Celiac disease |
Gynecologic disease |
Ruptured ectopic pregnancy |
Ovarian or fallopian cysts |
Pelvic inflammatory disease |
Neoplasms |
Solid tumors of the ovary, prostate, lung, esophagus, breast, and thymus |
Multiple myeloma |
Pheochromocytoma |
Other |
Renal failure |
Alcoholism |
Macroamylasemia |
Burns |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
Acidosis (ketotic and nonketotic) |
Pregnancy |
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
Cerebral trauma |
Abdominal aortic aneurysm |
Anorexia nervosa, bulimia |
Postoperative |
Drug induced |
Idiopathic |
Following double-balloon enteroscopy |
Myocardial infarction |
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) |
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