Environmental and occupational causes of health problems: latent or long-term effects

Latent or long-term effects	Agent	Potential exposures
Chronic dyspnea
Pulmonary fibrosis	Asbestos, silica, beryllium, coal, aluminum, nylon flock	Mining, insulation, pipefitting, sandblasting, quarrying, metal alloy work, aircraft or electrical parts, nylon flocking industry
Chronic bronchitis, emphysema	Cotton dust, cadmium coal dust, organic solvents, cigarettes	Textile industry, battery production, soldering, mining, solvent use
Lung cancer	Asbestos, arsenic, uranium, coke oven emission	Insulation, pipefitting, smelting, coke ovens, shipyard work, nickel refining, uranium mining
Bladder cancer	Beta-naphthylamine, benzidine dyes	Dye industry, leather, rubber working, chemists
Peripheral neuropathy	Lead, arsenic, n-hexane, methyl butylketone, acrylamide	Battery production, plumbing, smelting, painting, shoemaking, solvent use, insecticides
Behavioral changes	Lead, carbon disulfide, manganese	Battery makers, smelting, viscose rayon industry, degreasing, manufacture/repair of scientific instruments, dental amalgam work, mining, ceramics
Extrapyramidal syndrome	Carbon disulfide, manganese	Viscose rayon industry, steel production, battery production, foundry, mining
Aplastic anemia, leukemia	Benzene, ionizing radiation	Chemists, furniture refinishing, cleaning, degreasing, radiation work

Adapted from Goldman RH, Peters JM. JAMA 1981; 246:2831.

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