Version July 2025
| Coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction |
| Significant left ventricular hypertrophy |
| Anemia/calcium/phosphorus/parathyroid hormone |
| Inadequate dialysis |
| Chronic fluid overload and/or rapid ultrafiltration |
| Inflammation |
| Electrolyte abnormalities |
| Autonomic imbalance |
| Heart failure/decreased left ventricular function |
