Version June 2024
| Effective or potentially effective measures |
| Epidural or transverse abdominis plane (TAP) block |
| Minimally invasive surgery |
| Peripheral acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist (eg, alvimopan) |
| Multimodal analgesia (eg, acetaminophen, nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, gabapentin or pregabalin, intravenous lidocaine), possibly administered preoperatively |
| Limiting the length of open laparotomy incisions, if possible, and gentle handling and minimal manipulation of the intestines |
| Limiting the volume of fluid administered in the perioperative period by using a restrictive or goal-directed, rather than a liberal, strategy of fluid management |
| Adopt a bundled enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program for perioperative care |
| Ineffective or unproven measures |
| Chewing gum |
| Routine delayed enteral feeding |
| Coffee |
| Other drugs (metoclopramide, erythromycin, neostigmine, propranolol, ghrelin receptor agonists, Gastrografin, Mosapride, and prucalopride) |
| Early ambulation |
| Visceral learning |
| Acupuncture |
| Potentially harmful measures |
| Routine nasogastric tube placement |
| Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors (eg, celecoxib and etoricoxib) |
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