Segmental analysis of LV walls based on schematic views, in a parasternal short and long axis orientation, at three different levels. The "apex segments" are usually visualized from apical four-chamber, apical two- and three-chamber views. The apical cap can only be appreciated on some contrast studies. A 16-segment model can be used, without the apical cap, as described in an ASE 1989 document[1]. A 17-segment model, including the apical cap, has been suggested by the American Heart Association Writing Group on Myocardial Segmentation and Registration for Cardiac Imaging[2].
References:
- Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M, et al. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography: American Society of Echocardiography committee on standards, subcommittee on quantitation of two-dimensional echocardiograms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1989; 2:358.
- Cerqueira MD, Weissman NJ, Dilsizian V, Jacobs AK, Kaul S, Laskey WK, et al. Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart: a statement for healthcare professionals from the cardiac imaging committee of the council on clinical cardiology of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2002; 105:539.
Reproduced from: Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005; 18:1440. Illustration used with the permission of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
