Alveolar filling processes |
Pneumonitis - infectious, aspiration |
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema/ARDS (eg, due to infection, inhalation injury, near drowning, transfusion, contusion, high altitude) |
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema |
Pulmonary hemorrhage |
Tumor (eg, choriocarcinoma) |
Alveolar proteinosis |
Intravascular volume overload of any cause |
Diseases affecting pulmonary vasculature |
Pulmonary thromboembolism |
Amniotic fluid embolism, tumor emboli |
Diseases causing airways obstruction: central |
Tumor |
Laryngeal angioedema |
Tracheal stenosis |
Diseases causing airways obstruction: distal |
Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
Acute, severe asthma |
Diseases of decreased central drive leading to hypoventilation |
General anesthesia |
Drug overdose |
Diseases of peripheral nervous system/respiratory muscles leading to hypoventilation |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
Cervical quadriplegia |
Guillain-Barré syndrome |
Myasthenia gravis |
Tetanus, tick bite, ciguatera poisoning |
Toxins (eg, strychnine) |
Muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, myositis |
Diseases of the chest wall and pleura leading to hypoventilation |
Kyphoscoliosis |
Trauma (eg, flail chest) |
Massive pleural effusion |
Pneumothorax |
Increased ventilatory demand |
Severe sepsis |
Septic shock |
Severe metabolic acidosis |
Miscellaneous |
Airway protection |
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