Version June 2024
| Infections |
| Necrotizing infections |
| Anaerobic bacteria, often mixed with aerobic and microaerophilic streptococci |
| Other bacteria |
| Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella spp, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Nocardia spp, Actinomyces spp, Burkholderia pseudomallei |
| Mycobacteria |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. avium, M. kansasii, other nontuberculous mycobacteria |
| Fungi |
| Aspergillus spp, Coccidioides spp, Histoplasma spp, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus spp, agents of mucormycosis, Pneumocystis jirovecii |
| Parasites |
| Echinococcus, Entamoeba histolytica, Paragonimus westermani |
| Empyema with air-fluid level (hydropneumothorax) |
| Septic pulmonary emboli (eg, tricuspid valve endocarditis, intravascular catheters, intravenous drug use, Lemierre syndrome) |
| Non-infectious diseases |
| Pulmonary embolism with infarction |
| Vasculitis (eg, granulomatosis with polyangiitis) |
| Neoplasm (eg, bronchogenic cancer, lymphoma, and metastatic head and neck, bladder, colon, pancreatic, and uterine cancer). |
| Pulmonary sequestration |
| Bullae or cysts with air fluid level |
| Bronchiectasis |
| Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia |
| Sarcoidosis |
| Rheumatoid nodules |
| Pulmonary Langerhans histiocytosis |
| Foreign body aspiration |
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