Common oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes of thyroid neoplasms

Neoplasm	Genetic changes
Benign neoplasms
Autonomously functioning thyroid nodules	TSH receptor-activating mutations Gs-alpha mutation decreasing GTPase activity
Follicular adenoma	RAS mutations
Malignant neoplasms
Papillary thyroid carcinoma	BRAF^V600E Rearrangements of RET, NTRK1, ALK, and BRAF TERT promoter mutations
Follicular thyroid carcinoma	PAX8PPAR-gamma-1 fusion RAS mutations TERT promoter mutations PIK3CA-activating mutations
Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP)	RAS mutations
Hürthle cell thyroid carcinoma	Mutations of EIF1AX, MADCAM1, OR4L1, and ATXN1 Chromosome 5 and 7 duplications Frequent loss of heterozygosity Mitochondrial genome abnormalities
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma	BRAF (V600E)-activating mutation RAS mutations TP-53 mutations Mutations of the PI3K/AKT/MTOR pathway TERT promoter mutations
Medullary thyroid carcinoma	RET mutations

TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; Gs-alpha: the alpha subunit of the guanyl nucleotide stimulatory protein.

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