Complications of transsphenoidal surgery in relationship to the experience of the surgeon

Complication	Percent of operations resulting in complication
	Number of previous operations
	<200	200 to 500	>500
Carotid artery injury	1.4	0.6	0.4
Central nervous system injury	1.6	0.9	0.6
Hemorrhage into tumor bed	2.8	4.0	0.8
Loss of vision	2.4	0.8	0.5
Ophthalmoplegia	1.9	0.8	0.4
Cerebrospinal fluid leak	4.2	2.8	0.5
Meningitis	1.9	0.8	0.5
Nasal septum perforation	7.6	4.6	3.3
Anterior pituitary insufficiency	20.6	14.9	7.2
Diabetes insipidus	19.0	N/A	7.6
Death	1.2	0.6	0.2

Data were collected from participating surgeons by questionnaire.

Modified from: Ciric I, Ragin A, Baumgartner C, Pierce D. Complications of transsphenoidal surgery: results of a national survey, review of the literature, and personal experience. Neurosurgery 1997; 40:225.

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Complications of transsphenoidal surgery in relationship to the experience of the surgeon