| Inadequate nutrient intake | | Inappropriate feeding technique | | Disturbed caregiver/child relationship | | Economic deprivation | | Inappropriate nutrient intake (eg, excess fruit juice consumption, factitious food allergy, inappropriate preparation of formula, inadequate quantity of food, inappropriate food for age, neglect, food fads) | | Inappropriate parental knowledge of appropriate diet for infants and toddlers | | Insufficient lactation in mother | | Picky eater | | Gastroesophageal reflux | | Psychosocial problems | | Maternal/infant dysfunction | | Mechanical problems (cleft palate, nasal obstruction, adenoidal hypertrophy, dental lesions) | | Sucking or swallowing dysfunction (CNS, neuromuscular, esophageal motility problems) or chewing difficulty | | Inadequate appetite or inability to eat large amounts | | Oral aversion/problem with certain textures | | Psychosocial problems – apathy or rumination | | Cardiopulmonary disease | | Hypotonia, muscle weakness, or hypertonia | | Anorexia of chronic infection or immune deficiency | | Cerebral palsy | | CNS pathology (eg, tumor, hydrocephalus) | | Genetic syndromes | | Anemia (eg, iron deficiency) | | Chronic constipation | | Gastrointestinal disorder (eg, pain from gastroesophageal reflux, intestinal tract obstruction) | | Craniofacial anomalies (eg, cleft lip and palate, micrognathia) | | | Inadequate nutrient absorption or increased losses | | Malabsorption (lactose intolerance, cystic fibrosis, cardiac disease, malrotation, IBD, milk allergy, parasites, celiac disease) | | Biliary atresia, cirrhosis | | Vomiting or "spitting up" (related to infectious gastroenteritis, increased intracranial pressure, adrenal insufficiency, or drugs [eg, purposeful administration of syrup of ipecac]) | | Intestinal tract obstruction (pyloric stenosis, hernia, malrotation, intussusception) | | Infectious diarrhea | | Necrotizing enterocolitis or short bowel syndrome | | Increased nutrient requirements or ineffective metabolic utilization | | Hyperthyroidism | | Malignancy (including brain tumors such as diencephalic syndrome) | | Chronic IBD | | Chronic systemic disease (juvenile idiopathic arthritis) | | Chronic or recurrent systemic infection (urinary tract infection, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis) | | Chronic metabolic problems (hypercalcemia, storage diseases, and inborn errors of metabolism, such as galactosemia, methylmalonic acidemia, diabetes mellitus, adrenal insufficiency) | | Chronic respiratory insufficiency (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cystic fibrosis) | | Congenital or acquired heart disease | |
