Version June 2024
| Agent | Specific therapy |
| ADEM | Corticosteroids |
| Bacteria | |
| Mycoplasma pneumonia | Macrolide (eg, azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin), doxycycline, or fluoroquinolone* (eg, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin) |
| Listeria monocytogenes | Ampicillin plus gentamicin; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole |
| Tropheryma whipplei | Ceftiaxone, followed by either trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or cefixime |
| Fungi | |
| Coccidioides | Fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B |
| Cryptococcus neoformans | Amphotericin B plus flucytosine |
| Histoplasma capsulatum | Liposomal amphotericin B |
| Helminths | |
| Baylisascaris procyonis | Albendazole plus diethylcarbamazine |
| Gnathostoma | Albendazole or ivermectin |
| Taenia solium (cycticercosis) | Albendazole and corticosteroids |
| Mycobacteria | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 4-drug regimen; consider addition of corticosteroid |
| Protozoa | |
| Acanthamoeba | Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus rifampin plus ketoconazole |
| Balamuthia mandrillaris | Pentamidine plus macrolide and fluconazole and sulfadiazine and flucytosine and phenothiazine |
| Naegleria fowleri | Amphotericin B and rifampin |
| Plasmodium falciparum | Quinine, quinidine or artemether |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine or clindamycin |
| Trypanosoma brucei gambiense | Eflornithine |
| Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense | Melarsoprol |
| Rickettsioses and ehrlichioses | |
| Anaplasma phagocytophilum | Doxycycline |
| Ehrlichia chafeensis | Doxycycline |
| Rickettsia rickettsii | Doxycycline |
| Spirochetes | |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime |
| Treponema pallidum | Penicillin G |
| Viruses | |
| Cytomegalovirus | Ganciclovir plus foscarnet |
| Epstein-Barr | No specific treatment |
| Herpes B virus | Valgancyclovir |
| Herpes simplex | Acyclovir |
| Human herpesvirus 6 | Gancyclovir or foscarnet |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | Antiretroviral therapy |
| Influenza | Oseltamivir |
| JC virus | Reversal of immunosuppression if possible |
| Measles | Ribavirin |
| Nipah | Ribavirin |
| St. Louis encephalitis | Interferon-2 alpha |
| Varicella-zoster | Acyclovir |
| West Nile | No specific treatment |
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