Immunosuppressive therapy |
Cytotoxic chemotherapy for malignancy |
Treatment of autoimmune disease |
Bone marrow ablation prior to transplantation |
Treatment or prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease following bone marrow transplantation |
Treatment of rejection following solid organ transplantation |
Microbial infection |
Viral infection |
HIV, AIDS |
Measles |
Herpes group viruses (HSV-1 or 2, EBV, CMV, VZV) |
Bacterial infection (superantigens) |
Mycobacterial infection |
Parasitic infestation |
Malignancy |
Hodgkin disease |
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
Multiple myeloma |
Solid tumors |
Disorders of biochemical homeostasis |
Diabetes mellitus |
Kidney insufficiency/dialysis |
Hepatic insufficiency/cirrhosis |
Malnutrition |
Autoimmune disease |
Systemic lupus erythematosus |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
Trauma |
Burns |
Environmental exposure |
Radiation |
Ionizing |
Ultraviolet |
Toxic chemicals |
Other |
Pregnancy |
Stress* |
Asplenia/hyposplenism |
Allogeneic blood transfusion |
Aging¶ |
AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; CMV: cytomegalovirus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HSV-1 and 2: herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2; VZV: varicella-zoster virus.
* Stress has been most commonly associated with an increased risk of upper respiratory tract infections and reactivation of herpes viruses, perhaps due to the effects of the endogenous stress cortisol response on the immune system.
¶ Aging has been associated with relative immunodeficiency, with reductions in cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses. Refer to the UpToDate topic on immune function in older adults.آیا می خواهید مدیلیب را به صفحه اصلی خود اضافه کنید؟