Version May 2024
| Cell type | Function in ACD |
| Langerhans cells | Originally thought to be the primary APC, they may also have a regulatory function. Other APCs, such as dermal DCs, may be involved in all phases of ACD. |
| Keratinocytes | Facilitate T cell infiltration into the epidermis by expressing specific receptors that bind to molecules located on T cell surface. They are involved in the initiation phase of ACD by producing cytokines that mobilize Langerhans cells to migrate and in the termination of ACD through tolerogenic antigen presentation and production of IL-10 and IL-16, which recruit T regulatory cells. |
| CD8+ T cells | Major effector cell in ACD and source of IFN-gamma production. |
| CD4+ T cells | Some experimental data support a role for Th1 memory/effector cells in ACD. |
| B-1 cells (a type of B cell) | Produce IgM antibodies in response to IL-4, leading to complement activation and leukocyte chemotaxis. |
| Invariant natural killer T cells | Respond to unidentified endogenous glycolipids after hapten exposure, which leads to IL-4 production to activate B-1 cells. |
| T regulatory cells | T cell subsets (CD4+, CD25high, Foxp3 transcription factor, CTLA-4+) that function to suppress the T cell-dependent inflammatory response seen in ACD and are critical to hapten tolerance. |
| Natural killer cells | Member of the innate immune system shown to exhibit memory and antigen specificity in a model of murine ACD. |
| Mast cells | Produce TNF-alpha, which induces DC migration; promote T cell infiltration through release of IL-3, induce T cell proliferation and activation; release mediators that promote inflammation; and may function in antigen presentation. |
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