Version May 2024
| Individual factors | Family/social factors |
| Depression | Parent/household smokers |
| Poor academic performance or learning disability | No home smoking restriction policy |
| Nicotine dependence (which develops in some individuals after smoking as few as 100 cigarettes) | Lack of parental supervision/family management issues |
| Antisocial behavior | Family conflict and communication issues |
| Alcohol or other substance abuse | Adverse experiences (eg, parental separation or divorce, abuse) |
آیا می خواهید مدیلیب را به صفحه اصلی خود اضافه کنید؟
