Management of esophageal perforation

CT: computed tomography; IV: intravenous; NG: nasogastric; NPO: nothing by mouth; SEMS: self-expandable metallic stents; TPN: total parenteral nutrition.

* Endoscopy should only be performed in centers of expertise.

¶ Depending upon the type, location, severity of the esophageal disease, and size of the perforation.