Management of esophageal perforation

CT: computed tomography; NPO: nothing by mouth; NG: nasogastric; IV: intravenous; TPN: total parenteral nutrition; SEMS: self-expandable metallic stents.
* Endoscopy should only be performed in centers of expertise.
¶ Depending upon the type, location, severity of the esophageal disease, and size of the perforation.