Cutaneous larva migrans life cycle

Cutaneous larval migrans (also known as creeping eruption) is a zoonotic infection with hookworm species that do not use humans as a definitive host, the most common being Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma caninum. The normal definitive hosts for these species are dogs and cats. The cycle in the definitive host is very similar to the cycle for the human species. Eggs are passed in the stool (1), and under favorable conditions (moisture, warmth, shade) larvae hatch in one to two days. The released rhabditiform larvae grow in the feces and/or the soil (2), and after 5 to 10 days (and two molts) they become filariform (third-stage) larvae that are infective (3). These infective larvae can survive three to four weeks in favorable environmental conditions. On contact with the animal host (4), the larvae penetrate the skin and are carried through the blood vessels to the heart and then to the lungs. They penetrate into the pulmonary alveoli, ascend the bronchial tree to the pharynx, and are swallowed. The larvae reach the small intestine, where they reside and mature into adults. Adult worms live in the lumen of the small intestine, where they attach to the intestinal wall. Some larvae become arrested in the tissues and serve as source of infection for pups via transmammary (and possibly transplacental) routes (5). Humans may also become infected when filariform larvae penetrate the skin (6). With most species, the larvae cannot mature further in the human host and migrate aimlessly within the epidermis, sometimes as much as several centimeters a day. Some larvae may persist in deeper tissue after finishing their skin migration.