Version June 2024
| General or work-related beliefs |
| Belief that pain and physical activity are harmful |
| Fear-avoidance behavior (fear of movement or re-injury, avoidance of activities because of fear of increased pain) |
| Catastrophizing (excessive focus on pain and feeling of helplessness to control pain) |
| Expectation that passive treatments (versus active rehabilitation therapies) will be effective |
| Low expectation for recovery or return to work |
| Expectation of increased pain with activity or return to work |
| High levels of pain reporting |
| Perceived injustice (eg, sense of unfairness, severity, or irreparability of loss) |
| Work-related factors |
| Poor control of one's job environment |
| Low job satisfaction |
| Short job tenure (recent hire) |
| Limited work skills/experience |
| Prior workers' compensation claim or time off work because of injury |
| Litigation in progress |
| Physically demanding work (heavy work or rapid work pace) |
| Lack of supervisor or coworker support |
| Perceived job stress |
| Lack of available modified or alternative duty work (eg, limited job tasks, accommodations to current job, or reassignment to another job) |
| Other affective factors |
| Depression |
| Anxiety |
| Alcohol or substance use |
| Social isolation (lack of family/social support) |
| Somatization |
| Maladaptive coping or low self-efficacy (including pain-coping abilities) |
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