Version May 2024
| Structural abnormalities | |
| Anal sphincter muscles | Obstetrical injury, hemorrhoidectomy, anal dilation, radiation, inflammatory bowel disease |
| Rectum | Prolapse, hypersensitivity/hyposensitivity, neoplasms, congenital abnormalities, excessive perineal descent |
| Puborectalis muscle | Trauma, obstetrical injury |
| Pudendal nerve | Surgical injury, excessive perineal descent |
| Central nervous system, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system | Spinal cord injury, head injury, stroke, back surgery, diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, tabes dorsalis, cauda equina injury or tumor |
| Functional abnormalities | |
| Anorectal sensation | Obstetrical injury, central nervous system/autonomic nervous system injury, diabetes mellitus |
| Fecal impaction | Dyssynergic defecation |
| Stool characteristics | |
| Volume and consistency | Inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, medications, infections |
| Irritants | Bile salt malabsorption, laxatives |
| Hard stools and retention | Dyssynergic defecation, fecal impaction, medications |
| Other | |
| Physical mobility and cognitive function | Aging, disability, dementia, sedation |
| Psychosis | Willful soiling |
| Medications | Laxatives, anticholinergics, antidepressants, caffeine, muscle relaxants |
| Food intolerance | Lactose, fructose, sorbitol |
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